doi:10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg21

Recent Progress of Earth Science Satellite Missions in China

doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg21

1.
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
2.
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
3.
Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094
4.
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301
5.
Institute of Forest Resource Information Technique, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail: shijiancheng@nssc.ac.cn

摘要

Abstract: Earth Science from Space is an interdisciplinary discipline that studies the interactions, mechanisms, and evolution of the Earth system through space observation. In China, the national medium- to long-term civilian space infrastructure development plan and the space-science pilot project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences are two programs associated with advancing the Earth science from space. This paper reports recent scientific findings, developments and the status of the six missions. It is organized as the following sections: Introduction, two satellite missions that are already in orbit—the TanSat-1 for atmospheric CO₂ and the LuTan-1 for global surface deformation, a Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite to be launched in 2022, and three missions that passed the Phase II study and planned for near future—the Ocean Surface Current multiscale Observation, the Terrestrial Water Resources Satellite. Climate and Atmospheric Components Exploring Satellites (CACES), followed by the conclusion.
- Earth science from space /
- Earth observation /
- Energy and water cycle /
- Carbon cycle /
- Human activities
注释:

HTML全文

Figure 1. LiDAR and multi-angle optical cameras configuration of the Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Monitoring Satellite (TECMS)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of multiscale ocean dynamics (updated from Chelton, 2011)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the wide-swath OSCOM surface observations. The swath of OSCOM at the Earth’s surface exceeds 1000 km in 650 km high orbit

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Figure 4. Schematic view of the measurement concept of CACES, comprising the LIO, LMO components and the hyperspectral imager

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

Table 1. Imaging modes of LT-1. The achievable polarization, swath width, resolution and range of incidence angles are given in the description of each mode

Mode	Strip 1	Strip 2	Strip 3	Strip 4	Strip 5	Scan
Polarization	Single/Dual Pol., Compact Pol	Single/Dual Pol., Compact Pol	Quad Pol., Hybrid Pol	Quad Pol., Hybrid Pol	Single/Dual Pol., Compact Pol	Single/Dual Pol., Compact Pol
Resolution	3 m×3 m (Nominal)	12 m×12 m (Nominal)	3 m×3 m (Nominal)	6 m×6 m (Nominal)	24 m×24 m (Nominal)	30 m×30 m (Nominal)
Swath width	50 km	100 km	50 km	30 km	160 km	400 km
Incidence imaging angle	20°–53° (Imaging) 10°–60° (Extended)	20°–53°	10°–60°	13°–21°	15.7–30°	20°–49°
InSAR	20°–46°	20°–46°	10°–60°	13°–21°	15.7–30°	20°–49°

下载: 导出CSV

Table 2. Expected performances of OSCOM

Variables	Spatial resolution	Accuracy/precision		Swath/temporal coverage
Variables	Spatial resolution	Speed accuracy	Direction accuracy	Swath/temporal coverage
OSC	5 km	0.1 m·s^–1	15°	>1000 km/ <3 days globally, mid-to-high latitude daily
OSVW	5 km	1.5 m·s^–1	15°
OSWS	10 km	10%@50–500 m wavelength

下载: 导出CSV

Table 3. Initial payload configuration of the Terrestrial Water Resources Satellite

L-band active-passive microwave imager
Parameters	L-band radiometer	L-band radar
Frequency	1.413 GHz	1.26 GHz
Polarization	H, V, and T3	HH, VV, HV, and VH
Range of incidence angle	0°–40° or 30°–52° (to be adopted)
Antenna	Parabolic cylinder antenna (12 m×10 m)
Spatial resolution	18 km	1.5 km
Swath width	1000 km
Wide-swath multispectral camera
Parameters	Visible bands	Near-infrared bands
Spectral range	0.4–0.67 μm	0.85–0.97 μm
Spatial resolution	16 m
Swath width	800 km
Wide-swath programmable hyperspectral camera
Parameters	Visible and near-infrared bands	Short-wave infrared bands
Spectral range	0.4–1.0 μm	1.0–1.68 μm
Spectral bands	128/64	80/40
Spatial resolution	25 m
Swath width	120 km
Multi-angle thermal infrared imager
Spectral range	10.5–12.5 μm
View angles	+48°, 0°, –31°
Spatial resolution	100 m
Swath width	1000 km

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(46)

[1]	YANG D X, LIU Y, CAI Z, et al. First global carbon dioxide maps produced from TanSat measurements[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2018, 35(6): 621-623 doi: 10.1007/s00376-018-7312-6
[2]	LIU Y, WANG J, YAO L, et al. The TanSat mission: preliminary global observations[J]. Science Bulletin, 2018, 63(18): 1200-1207 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.004
[3]	LIU Y, WANG J, YAO L, et al. TanSat mission achievements: from scientific driving to preliminary observations[J]. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2018, 38(5): 627-639
[4]	YANG D, BOESCH H, LIU Y, et al. Toward high precision XCO₂ retrievals from tansat observations: retrieval improvement and validation against TCCON measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2020, 125(22): e2020JD032794
[5]	YANG D X, LIU Y, BOESCH H, et al. A new TanSat XCO₂ global product towards climate studies[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021, 38(1): 8-11 doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0297-y
[6]	YANG D X, LIU Y, FENG L, et al. The first global carbon dioxide flux map derived from TanSat measurements[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021, 38(9): 1433-1443 doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-1179-7
[7]	WANG H M, JIANG F, LIU Y, et al. Global terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux inferred from TanSat XCO₂ retrievals[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2022, 2022: 9816536
[8]	DU S S, LIU L Y, LIU X J, et al. Retrieval of global terrestrial solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from TanSat satellite[J]. Science Bulletin, 2018, 63(22): 1502-1512 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.10.003
[9]	YAO L, YANG D X, LIU Y, et al. A new global solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data product from TanSat measurements[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021, 38(3): 341-345 doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0204-6
[10]	YAO L, LIU Y, YANG D X, et al. Retrieval of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from satellite measurements: comparison of SIF between TanSat and OCO-2[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2022, 15(7): 2125-2137 doi: 10.5194/amt-15-2125-2022
[11]	JIN G D, LIU K Y, LIU D C, et al. An advanced phase synchronization scheme for LT-1[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2020, 58(3): 1735-1746 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2019.2948219
[12]	LIANG D, LIU K Y, ZHANG H, et al. The processing framework and experimental verification for the noninterrupted synchronization scheme of LuTan-1[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021, 59(7): 5740-5750 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3024561
[13]	WANG W, WANG R, ZHANG Z M, et al. First demonstration of airborne SAR with nonlinear FM chirp waveforms[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2016, 13(2): 247-251 doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2015.2508102
[14]	JIN G D, DENG Y K, WANG R, et al. An advanced nonlinear frequency modulation waveform for radar imaging with low sidelobe[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2019, 57(8): 6155-6168 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2019.2904627
[15]	FERRARI R, WUNSCH C. Ocean circulation kinetic energy: reservoirs, sources, and sinks[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2009, 41: 253-282 doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139
[16]	CHEN R, FLIERL G R, WUNSCH C. A description of local and nonlocal eddy–mean flow interaction in a global eddy-permitting state estimate[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2014, 44(9): 2336-2352 doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0009.1
[17]	NAKAMURA H, SAMPE T, GOTO A, et al. On the importance of midlatitude oceanic frontal zones for the mean state and dominant variability in the tropospheric circulation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2008, 35(15): L15709 doi: 10.1029/2008GL034010
[18]	SU Z, WANG J B, KLEIN P, et al. Ocean submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 775 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02983-w
[19]	BOCCALETTI G, FERRARI R, ADCROFT A, et al. The vertical structure of ocean heat transport[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(10): L10603 doi: 10.1029/2005GL022474
[20]	LEGECKIS R, BROWN C W, BONJEAN F, et al. The influence of tropical instability waves on phytoplankton blooms in the wake of the Marquesas Islands during 1998 and on the currents observed during the drift of the Kon-Tiki in 1947[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(23): L23307
[21]	YODER J A, DONEY S C, SIEGEL D A, et al. Study of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry now and in the future: examples of the unique contributions from space[J]. Oceanography, 2010, 23(4): 104-117 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2010.09
[22]	DOHAN K, MAXIMENKO N. Monitoring ocean currents with satellite sensors[J]. Oceanography, 2010, 23(4): 94-103 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2010.08
[23]	DOHAN K. Ocean surface currents from satellite data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(4): 2647-2651 doi: 10.1002/2017JC012961
[24]	LEE T, HAKKINEN S, KELLY K, et al. Satellite observations of ocean circulation changes associated with climate variability[J]. Oceanography, 2010, 23(4): 70-81 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2010.06
[25]	TALLEY L D, PICKARD G L, EMERY W J, et al. Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction[M]. 6 th ed. Boston: Academic Press, 2011
[26]	GORDON C, COOPER C, SENIOR C A, et al. The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments[J]. Climate Dynamics, 2000, 16(2/3): 147-168
[27]	YU L S. A global relationship between the ocean water cycle and near-surface salinity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2011, 116(C10): C10025 doi: 10.1029/2010JC006937
[28]	YU L S, WELLER R A. Objectively analyzed air-sea heat Fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981–2005)[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2007, 88(4): 527-540 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527
[29]	LETSCHER R T, PRIMEAU F, MOORE J K. Nutrient budgets in the subtropical ocean gyres dominated by lateral transport[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(11): 815-819 doi: 10.1038/ngeo2812
[30]	MAES C, GRIMA N, BLANKE B, et al. A surface “superconvergence” pathway connecting the South Indian Ocean to the subtropical South Pacific gyre[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45(4): 1915-1922 doi: 10.1002/2017GL076366
[31]	VAN SEBILLE E, GRIFFIES S M, ABERNATHEY R, et al. Lagrangian ocean analysis: fundamentals and practices[J]. Ocean Modelling, 2018, 121: 49-75 doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.11.008
[32]	CHELTON D B, SCHLAX M G, SAMELSON R M. Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2011, 91(2): 167-216 doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002
[33]	QIU B, CHEN S M, KLEIN P, et al. Reconstructing upper-ocean vertical velocity field from sea surface height in the presence of unbalanced motion[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2020, 50(1): 55-79 doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0172.1
[34]	FREEMAN A, ZLOTNICKI V, LIU T, et al. Ocean measurements from space in 2025[J]. Oceanography, 2010, 23(4): 144-161 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2010.12
[35]	GIROTTO M, RODELL M. Terrestrial water storage[M]//MAGGIONI Y, MASSARI C. Extreme Hydroclimatic Events and Multivariate Hazards in A Changing Environment: A Remote Sensing Approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2019: 41-64
[36]	SMITH E A, ASRAR G, FURUHAMA Y, et al. International Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program and mission: an overview[M]//LEVIZZANI V, BAUER P, TURK F J. Measuring Precipitation from Space: EURAINSAT and the Future. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007. 611-653
[37]	KERR Y H, WALDTEUFEL P, WIGNERON J P, et al. The SMOS mission: new tool for monitoring key elements of the global water cycle[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010, 98(5): 666-687 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043032
[38]	ENTEKHABI D, NJOKU E G, O’NEILL P E, et al. The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010, 98(5): 704-716 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918
[39]	WENG F Z, YANG H, ZOU X L. On convertibility from antenna to sensor brightness temperature for ATMS[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2013, 10(4): 771-775 doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2012.2223193
[40]	TAPLEY B D, BETTADPUR S, RIES J C, et al. GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system[J]. Science, 2004, 305(5683): 503-505 doi: 10.1126/science.1099192
[41]	BIANCAMARIA S, LETTENMAIER D P, PAVELSKY T M. The SWOT mission and its capabilities for land hydrology[M]//CAZENAVE A, CHAMPOLLION N, BENVENISTE J, et al. Remote Sensing and Water Resources. Cham: Springer, 2016: 117-147
[42]	ZHAO T J, SHI J C, LV L Q, et al. Soil moisture experiment in the Luan River supporting new satellite mission opportunities[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020, 240: 111680 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.111680
[43]	SUN Yanlong, ZHAO Tianjie, LI Enchen, et al. Radiometer calibration of airborne L-band active and passive microwave detector[J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2021, 25(4): 918-928
[44]	GUO P, ZHAO T J, SHI J C, et al. Assessing the active-passive approach at variant incidence angles for microwave brightness temperature downscaling[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2021, 14(10): 1273-1293 doi: 10.1080/17538947.2021.1907461
[45]	ZHAO T J, HU L, SHI J C, et al. Soil moisture retrievals using L-band radiometry from variable angular ground-based and airborne observations[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020, 248: 111958 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.111958
[46]	ZHAO T J, SHI J C, ENTEKHABI D, et al. Retrievals of soil moisture and vegetation optical depth using a multi-channel collaborative algorithm[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2021, 257: 112321 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112321