Recent Progress and Development Trend of Solid Combustion Research for Manned Space Exploration
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摘要: 掌握固体材料在空间特定使用环境中的可燃特性，是保障载人航天器防火安全的重要前提，相关需求构成了微重力燃烧研究的主要推动力之一。近年来，固体材料燃烧及相应的载人航天器防火问题得到各航天大国的持续关注，新一轮研究热潮正在形成，研究工作表现出新的特点和发展态势。本文综述了约10年来微重力固体材料燃烧的研究进展和最新成果，对该研究方向的发展趋势进行分析，对未来研究提出建议，为后续进一步发展提供参考。Abstract: The understanding of solid material flammability in the specific use environment is of practical importance for manned spacecraft fire safety, and the relevant fire safety concerns in spacecraft have served as one of the primary motivations for microgravity combustion research. In recent years, the various space powers have paid continuous attention to the burning characteristics of solid materials and the corresponding application to spacecraft safety. It seems that a renewed interest in such a research field is arising, while distinct features and development trends could be identified. This paper reviews the research progress and latest results on microgravity solid combustion in recent ten years. Overall development trends of the field and future directions of research work are also discussed, hoping to provide useful reference for further research.
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Key words:
- Material flammability /
- Manned spacecraft /
- Fire safety /
- Microgravity
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图 2 烟颗粒电镜照片。（a）未老化的Kapton，574℃，（b）老化的Kapton，574℃，（c）未老化的灯芯，265℃，（d）未老化的Pyrell，242℃，（e）未老化的Teflon，514℃，（f）未老化的硅树脂，380℃
Figure 2. TEM images showing morphology of smoke particles. (a) Unaged Kapton, 574℃, (b) Aged Kapton, 574℃, (c) Unaged lamp wick, 265℃, (d) Unaged Pyrell, 242℃, (e) Unaged Teflon, 514℃, and (f) Unaged silicone, 380℃
图 3 BASS实验装置。（a）小型流动通道，（b）试样、试样架和点火器
Figure 3. Experimental setup of BASS. (a) Small flow duct, and (b) Fuel sample, sample holder, and igniter
图 4 常压21%氧浓度环境中两种厚度平板火焰传播速度随气流速度的变化
Figure 4. Experimental spread rate vs. flow velocity for two different fuel thicknesses at about 21% oxygen level and 1 atm
图 5 低速流动中球形PMMA火焰的增长与熄灭（流动方向向上）
Figure 5. Flame growth and decay around a small PMMA sphere in low speed forced flow. The flow direction is from bottom to top
图 6 柱状材料表面逆向火焰传播过程
Figure 6. Photo sequence of opposed fame spread over cylindrical solids
图 8 火焰辐射分数随燃料质量流率（a）和火焰高度（b）的变化
Figure 8. Flame radiant fraction with mass flux (a) and flame height (b)
图 10 Saffire I实验中的大尺寸试样火焰传播。(a)材料热解区域的时间变化，(b)合成的俯视火焰图像，(c)点火后不同时刻的俯视火焰图像
Figure 10. Flame spread over a large sample in the Saffire I experiment. (a) Pyrolysis tracking, (b) A composite top-view flame image, and (c) Top-view flame images at selected times after ignition
图 11 逆向流动中阻燃材料的可燃极限
Figure 11. Flammability maps of flame retardant materials in opposed flow
图 12 连续火焰向小火焰转变过程的俯视图像
Figure 12. Top-view flame image sequence illustrating the transition from continuous flame to flamelet
图 13 连续火焰区、小火焰区、熄灭区组成的可燃极限与火焰稳定图谱
Figure 13. A flammability map and stability diagram showing the distribution of the continuous flame zone, the flamelet zone, and the extinguished zone
图 14 实践十号导线绝缘层过载燃烧实验系统
Figure 14. Setup of the SJ-10 experimental system for overloaded wire insulation combustion
图 15 不同电流下导线绝缘层烟的析出
Figure 15. Smoke emissions of wire insulations with different currents
图 16 微重力燃烧实验中PE液滴直径平方随时间的变化
Figure 16. Time evolution of measured d-square for the microgravity combustion of PE droplets
表 1 NASA在国际空间站的固体材料燃烧实验项目
Table 1. NASA’s solid combustion projects on the International Space Station
实验名称 使用的实验
设备/装置空间实验实施时间 主要研究人员和机构 说明 烟雾测量实验SAME(Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment) MSG/SAME 2007－2010 David UrbanNASA
格林研究中心包括SAME和SAME-R 固体材料燃烧和抑制BASS(Burning and Suppression of Solids) MSG/改造后的SPICE装置 2012－2014 Paul FerkulNASA
格林研究中心包括BASS, BASS-II和BASS-M；SPICE装置先期用于MSG中气体同流火焰烟点实验（Smoke Point in Coflow Experiment） 燃烧速率模拟器BRE(Burning Rate Emulator) CIR/ACME/BRE燃烧模拟器 2019－2021 James Quintiere
马里兰大学微重力前沿燃烧实验ACME（Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments）项目5个课题之一 固体燃料着火和熄灭SoFIE(Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction) CIR/SoFIE 预计2022－2025 James T’ien凯斯西储大学；Carlos Fernandez-Pello加州大学伯克利；Fletcher Miller圣迭戈州立大学；S. Bhattacharjee圣迭戈州立大学；Sandra OlsonNASA格林研究中心 包括5个研究课题 
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