航天器用丙烯环路热管的研究现状与展望
doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.04.2023.04.yg06 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2023.04.2023.04.yg06
Review of Propylene Loop Heat Pipes for Spacecraft
-
摘要: 环路热管是一种依靠毛细力驱动的高效两相传热装置，可解决高精度控温、大功率、远距离热传输等热控难题，广泛应用于各航天器。目前，大功率的航天器平台（例如新一代大功率通信卫星等）在存储或故障工况下，为维持辐射器生存温度需额外消耗能源，补偿较大的加热功率；木星系、太阳系边际等深空探测任务要求热控系统拓展其低温适应性。上述空间任务对具有低温适应性的丙烯环路热管技术提出了迫切需求。相比常用的氨工质，丙烯具有低冰点（–185℃）特性，丙烯工质环路热管可在低温下存储和运行，空间应用时不存在冻结风险（航天器辐射器温度一般不低于–150℃），无需额外补偿加热，提高了热控系统的低温适应性和可靠性。本文分析了丙烯环路热管的理论建模、稳态性能和动态特性实验研究现状及典型空间应用形式，对未来研究工作提出了建议。Abstract: Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs) are efficient heat transfer devices driven by capillary force. LHPs have been widely used in spacecraft, addressing thermal control problems such as high accuracy temperature control, high-power heat transfer, long-distance heat transfer. Presently, China’s high power spacecraft platforms need to spend extra power to maintain the survival temperature of radiators under storage or fault conditions. Deep space missions like Jupiter’s system exploration and solar system boundary exploration require the spacecraft to enhance its cryogenic adaptability. These missions put forward urgent requirements of propylene LHPs. Compared with widely used ammonia, the freezing point of propylene is much lower (–185℃). The radiator of spacecraft does not drop below –150℃ generally, so propylene LHPs are suitable for storage and operation in low temperature environment without the survival heat power and the risk of freezing. The application of propylene LHPs will improve the adaptability and reliability of thermal control system in low temperature environment. In this paper, the research and development of propylene LHPs are reviewed, including the theoretical modeling, the experimental research of operation characteristics, and the typical space application. Suggestions on the future research of propylene LHPs are also presented.
-
Key words:
- Loop heat pipe /
- Propylene /
- Space thermal control
-
表 1 丙烯环路热管尺寸参数及最大传热量
Table 1. Dimension parameters and maximum heat transfer capability of propylene LHPs
国家与研制机构 年份 蒸发器外径×
长度/mm主芯孔径/μm 环路内径×
传输距离/mm最大传热量/W 美国Dynatherm[18] 2000 Φ25.4×152.4 1.2 ϕ5.03×460 400 美国Dynatherm&Creare[33] 2002 － 1.2 ϕ4×640 250 美国Swales Aerospace[35] 2003 Φ25.4×457.2 － － 380 美国Dynatherm[20] 2000 Φ25.4×152.4 1.2 ϕ4.52×1000 200 美国TTH Research Inc.[34] 2002 Φ15.9×152.4 1.1 Φ3.18（外径）×1524 125 俄罗斯TAIS[5] 2011 Φ15×140 0.8 ϕ3×2900 220 西班牙IberEspacio Technologia Aerospacial[25] 2010 Φ12×120 1.4 ϕ3×1200 140 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 丙烯环路热管与氨环路热管稳态运行特性对比
Table 2. Comparison of steady-state operating characteristics of propylene LHPs and ammonia LHPs
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 典型空间应用形式
Table 3. Typical spatial application forms
应用形式 航天器载荷 年份 应用背景 结构类型 LHP传热性能/W 高精度主动控温 GLAS 2003 600 km SSO激光器控温及设备散热 Ⅰ 400 (±0.1℃) BAT 2004 600 km LEO硬X射线探测器控温 Ⅰ >300 (±0.38℃) 散热能力提升 TES 2004 705 km SSO制冷机等多热源大功率
散热Ⅰ 200 AMS-02（原定） 2011 400 km LEO制冷机大功率散热及控温 Ⅱ 220 小型/轻量化
传热系统－ 2002 轻量化可展开辐射器散热装置 Ⅰ 250 － 2002 LEO纳米卫星散热及控温 Ⅲ 125 热开关 － 2010 欧洲火星车散热及保温 Ⅱ 140 － 2013 国际月球网络锚节点陆器散热及保温 Ⅱ >200
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] RODRIGUEZ J I. Thermal Design of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer Instrument[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000 [2] CHOI M K. Thermal design to meet stringent temperature gradient/stability requirements of swift BAT detectors[C]//35 th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit. Las Vegas, NV, USA: AIAA, 2000 [3] GONCHAROV K A, NIKITKIN M N, GOLOVIN O A, et al. Loop Heat Pipes in Thermal Control Systems for "OBZOR" Spacecraft[R]. San Diego: SAE, 1995 [4] GROB E W. System Accommodation of Propylene Loop Heat Pipes for the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) Instrument[R]. Orlando: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2001 [5] MOLINA M, VETTORE C, COVA M, et al. The AMS-02 Thermal Control System Design[R]. San Francisco: SAE, 2003 [6] HOANG T T, ARMIGER W J, BALDAUFF R W, et al. Performance of COMMx loop heat pipe on TacSat 4 spacecraft[C]//42 nd International Conference on Environmental Systems. San Diego: AIAA, 2012 [7] 黄金印, 潘福明, 傅伟纯, 等. 高分七号卫星激光测高仪热设计及验证[J]. 航天器工程, 2020, 29(3): 138-143HUANG Jinyin, PAN Fuming, FU Weichun, et al. Thermal design and verification of laser altimeter for GF-7 satellite[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2020, 29(3): 138-143 [8] LIU C, XIE R J, LI N X, et al. Experimental study of loop heat pipes with different working fluids in 190–260 K[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 178: 115530 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115530 [9] CHERNYSHEVA M A, MAYDANIK Y F. Effect of liquid filtration in a wick on thermal processes in a flat disk-shaped evaporator of a loop heat pipe[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 106: 222-231 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.10.037 [10] BAI L Z, ZHANG L P, LIN G P, et al. Development of cryogenic loop heat pipes: a review and comparative analysis[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015, 89: 180-191 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.010 [11] WALKER K L, HARTENSTINE J R, TARAU C, et al. Ammonia and propylene loop heat pipes with thermal control valves-thermal/vacuum and freeze/thaw testing[C]//43 rd International Conference on Environmental Systems. Vail: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013 [12] MOLINA M, FRANZOSO A, BURSI A, et al. A Heat Switch for European Mars Rover[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2008 [13] 张明, 刘奕宏, 李海津, 等. 航天器百千瓦级分布式可重构电源系统设计[J]. 航天器工程, 2021, 30(1): 86-94ZHANG Ming, LIU Yihong, LI Haijin, et al. Design of 100 kw distributed reconfigurable electrical power system for spacecraft[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2021, 30(1): 86-94 [14] 田百义, 王大轶, 张相宇, 等. 太阳系边际探测飞行任务规划[J]. 宇航学报, 2021, 42(3): 284-294TIAN Baiyi, WANG Dayi, ZHANG Xiangyu, et al. Flight mission planning for solar system boundary exploration[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2021, 42(3): 284-294 [15] ADONI A A, VAIDYA J S, AMBIRAJAN A, et al. Evaporation heat transfer coefficient in a capillary pumped loop and loop heat pipe for different working fluids[J]. Heat Transfer Engineering, 2012, 33(9): 765-774 doi: 10.1080/01457632.2011.640890 [16] CHUANG P A. An Improved Steady-State Model of Loop Heat Pipes Based on Experimental and Theoretical Analyses[D]. Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania State University, 2003 [17] SINGH R, NGUYEN T, MOCHIZUKI M, et al. Working fluid study for loop heat pipes[J]. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2022, 35: 101451 doi: 10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101451 [18] KAYA T, BAKER C, KU J. Comparison of Thermal Performance Characteristics of Ammonia and Propylene Loop Heat Pipes[R]. Toulouse: SAE, 2000 [19] RODRIGUEZ J I, PAUKEN M, NA-NAKORNPANOM A. Transient Characterization of A Propylene Loop Heat Pipe During Startup and Shut-Down[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000 [20] PAUKEN M, RODRIGUEZ J I. Performance Characterization and Model Verification of a Loop Heat Pipe[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000 [21] FRAVALLO P Y, PRAT M, PLATEL V. Numerical study of flow and heat transfer in the vapor grooves of a loop heat pipe evaporator[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, 171: 107198 doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.107198 [22] DU S, ZHANG Q, HOU P L, et al. Experimental study and steady-state model of a novel plate loop heat pipe without compensation chamber for CPU cooling[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2020, 53: 101894 doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101894 [23] JAZEBIZADEH H, KAYA T. Numerical and experimental investigation of the steady-state performance characteristics of loop heat pipes[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 181: 115577 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115577 [24] NISHIKAWARA M, NAGANO H, KAYA T. Transient thermo-fluid modeling of loop heat pipes and experimental validation[J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 2013, 27(4): 641-647 doi: 10.2514/1.T3888 [25] MISHKINIS D, GREGORI C, ROMERA F, et al. Development of propylene LHP for European mars rover applications[J]. Heat Pipe Science and Technology, An International Journal, 2010, 1(1): 19-46 doi: 10.1615/HeatPipeScieTech.v1.i1.20 [26] 闫凯芬. 丙烯环路热管150-290 K温区冷凝流型及换热特性研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2021YAN Kaifen. Condensation Flow Pattern and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Propylene Loop Heat Pipes in 150-290 K[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021 [27] CAO Y W, GUO C S, YU Y S, et al. Performances of loop heat pipe with the novel bi-porous quaternary Max phase Ti3(Al, Si)C2 capillary wick[J]. Vacuum, 2022, 202: 111185 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2022.111185 [28] MATHEWS A J, RANJAN S, INBAOLI A, et al. Optimization of the sintering parameters of a biporous copper-nickel composite wick for loop heat pipes[J]. Materials Today:Proceedings, 2021, 46: 9297-9302 doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.171 [29] CHEN B B, LIU Z C, LIU W, et al. Operational characteristics of two biporous wicks used in loop heat pipe with flat evaporator[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 55(7/8): 2204-2207 [30] ZHANG Z K, ZHAO R Z, LIU Z C, et al. Application of biporous wick in flat-plate loop heat pipe with long heat transfer distance[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 184: 116283 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116283 [31] LIU Z C, LI H, CHEN B B, et al. Operational characteristics of flat type loop heat pipe with biporous wick[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2012, 58: 180-185 doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.02.027 [32] CHEN B B, LIU W, LIU Z C, et al. Experimental investigation of loop heat pipe with flat evaporator using biporous wick[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2012, 42: 34-40 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.03.006 [33] KROTIUK W J, CROWLEY C J, ROZZI J C. Propylene loop heat pipe with a lightweight, flexible, deployable radiator[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, 608(1): 37-48 [34] HOANG T T, KU J. Advanced loop heat pipes for spacecraft thermal control[C]//8 th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. St. Louis, Missouri: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002 [35] OTTENSTEIN L, KU J, FEENAN D. Thermal vacuum testing of a novel loop heat pipe design for the swift Bat instrument[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2003, 654(1): 33-41 [36] 柏立战, 林贵平, 张红星. 重力辅助环路热管稳态运行特性的实验研究[J]. 航空学报, 2008, 29(5): 1112-1117 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6893.2008.05.004BAI Lizhan, LIN Guiping, ZHANG Hongxing. Experimental study on steady-state operating characteristics of gravity-assisted loop heat pipes[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2008, 29(5): 1112-1117 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6893.2008.05.004 [37] 郭宏皓, 黄俊峰, 张舸, 等. 环路热管传热性能影响因素试验研究[J]. 化学工程, 2020, 48(4): 16-21GUO Honghao, HUANG Junfeng, ZHANG Ge, et al. Experimental study of factors affecting heat transfer performance of loop heat pipe[J]. Chemical Engineering, 2020, 48(4): 16-21 [38] SZYMANSKI P, LAW R, MCGLEN R J, et al. Recent advances in loop heat pipes with flat evaporator[J]. Entropy, 2021, 23(11): 1374 doi: 10.3390/e23111374 [39] YANG Z H, ZHANG Y F, BAI L Z, et al. Experimental study on the thermal performance of an ammonia loop heat pipe using a rectangular evaporator with longitudinal replenishment[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 207: 118199 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118199 [40] ZHANG Z K, ZHANG H, LAI X T, et al. Numerical study on thermohydraulic behavior in compensation chamber of a loop heat pipe with flat evaporator[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 171: 115073 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115073 [41] ZHANG Z K, CUI H C, ZHAO S C, et al. Simulation of heat and mass transfer process in a flat-plate loop heat pipe and experimental comparison[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 220: 119705 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119705 [42] MAYDANIK Y F, VERSHININ S V, CHERNYSHEVA M A. The results of comparative analysis and tests of ammonia loop heat pipes with cylindrical and flat evaporators[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 144: 479-487 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.022 [43] ZHANG H X, LI G G, CHEN L, et al. Development of flat-plate loop heat pipes for spacecraft thermal control[J]. Microgravity Science and Technology, 2019, 31(4): 435-443 doi: 10.1007/s12217-019-09716-8 [44] MAYDANIK Y, CHERNYSHEVA M, VERSHININ S. High-capacity loop heat pipe with flat evaporator for efficient cooling systems[J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 2020, 34(3): 465-475 doi: 10.2514/1.T5845 [45] 刘成, 谢荣建, 王仕越, 等. 丙烯环路热管补偿器的可视化实验研究[J]. 北京航空航天大学报, 2020, 46(5): 933-994LIU Cheng, XIE Rongjian, WANG Shiyue, et al. Visualization experimental study of compensation chamber of a propylene loop heat pipe[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020, 46(5): 933-994 [46] 张红星, 林贵平, 丁汀, 等. 环路热管启动特性的实验研究[J]. 中国科学E辑, 2005, 35(1): 17-30ZHANG hongxing, LIN guiping, DING ting, et al. Experimental investigation of start-up characteristics of loop heat pipes[J]. Science in China Series E, 2005, 35(1): 17-30 [47] CHERNYSHEVA M A, MAYDANIK Y F, OCHTERBECK J M. Heat transfer investigation in evaporator of loop heat pipe during startup[J]. Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 2008, 22(4): 617-622 doi: 10.2514/1.35519 [48] 刘成, 谢荣建, 吴亦农. 工质对180~230 K低温环路热管工作特性的影响[J]. 工程科学与技术, 2020, 52(6): 190-198LIU Cheng, XIE Rongjian, WU Yinong. Effects of working fluids on operating characteristics of the cryogenic loop heat pipe in 180~230 K[J]. Advanced Engineering Sciences, 2020, 52(6): 190-198 [49] BAI L Z, YANG Z H, SHEN X B, et al. Startup characteristics of an ammonia loop heat pipe with a rectangular evaporator[J]. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 58(5): 813-831 doi: 10.1007/s00231-021-03139-1 [50] ZHOU L, QU Z G, CHEN G, et al. One-dimensional numerical study for loop heat pipe with two-phase heat leak model[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2019, 137: 467-481 doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.12.019 [51] ADACHI T, CHANG X Y, NAGAI H. Numerical analysis of loop heat pipe using nucleate boiling model in evaporator core[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 195: 123207 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123207 [52] DOUGLAS D, KU J, KAYA T. Testing of the geoscience laser altimeter system (Glas) prototype loop heat pipe[C]//37 th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno: AIAA, 1999 [53] JENTUNG KU, LAURA OTTENSTEIN, PAUL ROGERS, et al. Investigation of Low Power Operation in a Loop Heat Pipe[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2001 [54] KU J. High Frequency Low Amplitude Temperature Oscillations in Loop Heat Pipe Operation[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2003 [55] ADACHI T, FUJITA K, NAGAI H. Numerical study of temperature oscillation in loop heat pipe[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 163: 114281 doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114281 [56] KU J, RODRIGUEZ J I. Low Frequency High Amplitude Temperature Oscillations in Loop Heat Pipe Operation[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2003 [57] ZAKAR D, HOLMAN T D, MAXWELL J R, et al. Experimental investigation of temperature oscillations in loop heat pipes[C]//2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Kissimmee, Florida: AIAA, 2018 [58] HOANG T T, BALDAUFF R W. Nonlinear dynamics in loop heat pipe operation[C]//46 th AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Washington: AIAA, 2016 [59] WANG N H, CUI Z, BURGER J, et al. Transient behaviors of loop heat pipes for alpha magnetic spectrometer cryocoolers[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 68(1/2): 1-9 [60] 张红星, 林贵平, 丁汀, 等. 环路热管温度波动现象的实验分析[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2005, 31(2): 116-120 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5965.2005.02.002ZHANG Hongxing, LIN Guiping, DING Ting, et al. Experimental investigation on temperature oscillation of loop heat pipes[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005, 31(2): 116-120 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5965.2005.02.002 [61] 胡卓焕, 周宇仁, 许佳寅. 理想范围内充液率对环路热管温度振荡的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(12): 4551-4557 doi: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2018-0586HU Zhuohuan, ZHOU Yuren, XU Jiayin. Effect of charging ratio within ideal range on temperature oscillation for a loop heat pipe[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2018, 37(12): 4551-4557 doi: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2018-0586 [62] RODRIGUEZ J I, NA-NAKORNPANOM A. Investigation of Transient Temperature Oscillations of a Propylene Loop Heat Pipe[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 2001 [63] MAYDANIK Y F, PASTUKHOV V G. Loop Heat Pipes-Recent Developments, Test Results and Applications[R]. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999 [64] ORLOV A A, GONCHAROV K A, KOTLIAROV E Y, et al. The loop heat pipe experiment on board the GRANAT spacecraft[C]//6 th European Symposium on Space Environment Control Systems. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 1997 [65] CHOI M K. Swift BAT loop heat pipe thermal system characteristics and ground/flight operation procedure[C]//1 st International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC). Portsmouth, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003 [66] GROB E, BAKER C, MCCARTHY T. Geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) loop heat pipes-an eventful first year on-orbit[R]. Colorado: SAE, 2004 [67] WANG N H, JOSEPH B, CHENG L. Design and experimental study of thermal control system for AMS cryocoolers[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(10): 1200-1204 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5704-7 [68] WANG N H, BURGER J, LUO F, et al. Operation characteristics of AMS-02 loop heat pipe with bypass valve[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2011, 54(7): 1813-1819 doi: 10.1007/s11431-011-4417-x -
-
下载:
图(16) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1391
- HTML全文浏览量: 788
- PDF下载量: 122
-
被引次数:
0(来源:Crossref)
0(来源:其他)
