近邻宜居行星巡天计划: 利用空间天体测量法寻找下一个“地球”
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.02.yg03 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.02.yg03
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季江徽：男, 1973年10月出生于江苏如东. 现为中国科学院紫金山天文台研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为系外行星、原行星盘与太阳系小天体等. E-mail: jijh@pmo.ac.cn
作者简介:
Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES): an Astrometry Mission for Probing Nearby Habitable Planets
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摘要: 近邻宜居行星巡天计划(Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey, CHES)采用空间微角秒级别的高精度天体测量技术, 普查太阳系近邻(10 pc内)约100颗FGK等类型恒星, 探测宜居带类地行星或超级地球; 详细普查宜居行星的数目、真实质量和三维轨道等信息, 这将是国际上首次近邻宜居带类地行星的空间探测任务. CHES的有效载荷是一台口径为1.2 m, 视场为0.44°×0.44°, 焦距为36 m的高像质、低畸变、高稳定光学望远镜, 采用同轴三反TMA光学成像系统. 为实现宜居带类地行星探测, CHES任务中的测量精度为1 μas, 是目前国际测量精度最高的空间探测项目. 在空间科学先导专项背景型号项目的支持下, CHES团队深入凝练和论证科学目标, 成功突破了三项关键技术难题: 实现了畸变大视场高像质空间望远镜光学系统技术的重要突破; 突破了10–5 pixel级别星间距测量技术; 实现了卫星系统高稳定度姿态控制精度及热控精度的创新. CHES预计发现50颗类地行星, 引领中国空间科学探测技术的跨越式发展.Abstract: The Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES) employs state-of-the-art, high-precision astrometry and positioning technology at the microarcsecond level in space. Its primary objective is to conduct a thorough survey of approximately 100 FGK-type stars within the Sun’s proximity (within 10 parsecs), with the goal of detecting potentially habitable Earth-like planets or super-Earths. This pioneering mission involves a detailed census of habitable planets, providing intricate information on their numbers, true masses, and three-dimensional orbits. Notably, CHES marks a historic milestone as the inaugural international space exploration mission exclusively dedicated to the study of terrestrial planets within the nearby habitable zone. CHES’s payload features a cutting-edge optical telescope with a 1.2 m aperture, a field of view measuring 0.44°×0.44°, and a focal length of 36 m. The telescope utilizes a coaxial three-mirror TMA optical imaging system. Impressively, CHES is designed with a positioning measurement accuracy of 1 μas, solidifying its status as the most precise space exploration project globally in terms of positioning accuracy. To achieve the detection objectives of CHES, it is essential to refine and further substantiate the scientific goals through comprehensive argumentation. Overcoming three key technological challenges is crucial: advancing optical systems for large field of view, developing high-quality space telescopes with minimal distortion; breaking through measurement technology for stellar separations at the 10–5 pixel level; and achieving high stability in satellite system attitude control and thermal control precision. CHES stands on the threshold of groundbreaking discoveries, with the exciting prospect of revealing 50 Earth-like planets. This announces a significant leap forward in China’s space science exploration technology.
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Key words:
- High-precision astrometry method /
- Exoplanets /
- Nearby Habitable Planets
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图 1 已发现系外行星的质量与轨道周期分布
Figure 1. Distribution of mass-period of exoplanets observed so far
图 3 CHES探测宜居带类地行星独特优势
Figure 3. Unique advantages of detecting Earth-like planets in the habitable zone in CHES mission
图 5 CHES任务中目标星HD 85512与HD 102365和参考星选取示例
Figure 5. Examples of the target stars HD 85512 and HD 102365 with their references stars for CHES
图 6 以假想的HD 219134宜居带的“地球2.0”为例进行的大气反射谱观测仿真分析
Figure 6. Analysis of the simulated reflected spectrum for a hypothetical Earth twin in the habitable zone of HD 219134
图 7 使用6 m级空间望远镜观测CHES目标星宜居带孪生地球大气中H2O和O2的预期信噪比
Figure 7. Predicted SNR of H2O and O2 observed in the atmospheres of Earth twins in the habitable zone of CHES target stars using a 6 m space telescope
图 8 CHES与Gaia卫星对致密天体质量的测量
Figure 8. Measurement of the mass of a compact object by the Gaia and CHES satellite
图 12 真空条件下星间距测量结果(红色线和蓝色线分别为x方向与y方向星间距Allan方差随积分时间的变化)
Figure 12. Star separation measurement results (Red line and blue line are the Allan deviations with the integration time for direction x and y respectively)
图 14 Alpha Centauri A周围类地行星的 天体测量轨道反演模拟
Figure 14. Astrometric orbit retrieval simulations for terrestrial planets around Alpha Centauri A
图 17 停泊轨道加速后进入L2点转移轨道(a)及L2点Halo任务轨道(b)
Figure 17. Mooring orbit accelerates into the L2 transfer orbit (a) and the L2 Halo mission orbit (b)
图 18 微像素星间距测量装置系统设计
Figure 18. Diagram of the micropixel accuracy centroid displacement measurement system
图 19 微像素星间距测量技术流程
Figure 19. Diagram of the micropixel accuracy centroid displacement measurement
图 20 基于畸变梯度重构畸变分布的在轨标定方法
Figure 20. On-orbit calibration method sketch map based on distortion gradient reconstruction distortion distribution
表 1 CHES任务概况
Table 1. CHES mission outline
科学目标 在近邻类日系外行星中发现宜居行星
开展近邻行星建立全面普查
拓展科学目标: 宇宙学, 暗物质与黑洞研究概述 航天器位于日地L2点运行5年
光学望远镜(500～900 nm), 微秒级天体测量(1 μas)
实现相对天体测量的观测策略CHES具有的独特优势 空间超高精度的相对天体测量法0.3 μas (10 pc内的类日恒星的宜居带行星)
获得宜居类地行星的真实质量与三维轨道结构特征(含轨道倾角等)
研究近邻行星系统的统计特征目标恒星 约10 pc 100颗F, G, K等类型恒星
拓展任务: 超微弱矮星系、X射线双星中的中子星等有效载荷 同轴三反TMA光学成像系统
主镜直径: 1.2 m
焦距: 36 m
视场: 0.44°×0.44°卫星 航天器质量: 1558 kg
发射质量: 2930 kg, 燃料质量(990+382 kg)
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表 2 目标恒星实例
Table 2. Examples of target stars
Hipparcos
Catalogue (HIP)Stellar name V magnitude Stellar spectrum
(Type)Distance/
pcAstrometric wobble/
μas (1 Mearth)Astrometric wobble/
μas (5 Mearth)71683 α Cen A 0.0 G2V 1.34 2.22 11.11 71681 α Cen B 1.4 K1V 1.34 1.72 8.60 108870 $\epsilon $ Ind 4.7 K5V 3.6 0.55 2.76 96100 σ Dra 4.7 K0V 5.8 0.39 1.93 3821 η Cas 3.5 G0V 6 0.54 2.68 22449 π3 Ori 3.2 F6V 8 0.47 2.34 1599 $\varsigma $ Tuc 4.2 G0V 8.6 0.36 1.78 27072 γ Lep 3.6 F6V 9 0.41 2.06 105858 γ Pav 4.2 F9V 9.2 0.33 1.67 14632 ι Per 4.1 G0V 10.5 0.34 1.68
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表 3 CHES有效载荷光学望远镜系统的技术指标要求
Table 3. Characteristics of CHES Telescope
序号 系统结构 技术指标 1 口径 $\phi $1.2 m 2 焦距 36 m 3 视场 0.44°×0.44° 4 工作波长 500～900 nm 5 焦平面像素大小 6.5 μm×6.5 μm 6 焦平面尺寸 276 mm×276 mm 7 成像质量 全视场近衍射极限
(λ/12波像差)8 光学畸变 标定后光学畸变残差
达到微角秒量级
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表 4 卫星总体主要技术指标
Table 4. Main technical specifications of the satellite
项目 技术指标 质量 整星起飞时 2930 kg(CZ-3 C@GTO运载能力约3.8 t) 尺寸 $\phi $3761 mm ×6487 mm 热控 方式 主动热控方式和被动热控方式相结合 望远镜光学系统 工作温度20±5℃, 温度稳定度45 mK 平台单机, 望远镜其他部分 –15～+45℃ 电源 太阳电池阵片 11.8 m2三结砷化镓电池阵 蓄电池 120 Ah锂离子电池 母线电压 30±0.5 V 姿控 方式 三轴稳定 指向精度 0.07″ 指向稳定度 0.0036″ / 0.02 s 推进 推力器 姿控推力器12*(1～50 µN)、姿控微推力器12*20 mN
轨控发动机490 N+12*10 N推进剂 推进舱: 840 kg
服务舱: 80 kg测控 遥测码速率 256, 512, 2048, 4096, 8192 bit·s–1 遥控码速率 500, 1000, 2000 bit·s–1 数传 工作频段 X频段 调制方式 QPSK 信息速率 20, 10, 5 Mbit·s–1 ; 800 kbit·s–1 存储容量 1 Tbit 读写方式 按文件顺序写, 随机读 星务 CPU AT697 主频 80 MHz PROM 128 kByte 星箭接口 连接分离方式 包带 星箭连接环 1194 A 寿命与可靠性 工作寿命 5年 可靠度 寿命末期优于0.65
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