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Development of High-energy Particle Detectors for Space Exploration

YANG Zhe SHEN Guohong JING Tao

YANG Zhe, SHEN Guohong, JING Tao. Development of High-energy Particle Detectors for Space Exploration. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2022, 42(6): 1171-1184 doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.05.210611068
Citation: YANG Zhe, SHEN Guohong, JING Tao. Development of High-energy Particle Detectors for Space Exploration. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2022, 42(6): 1171-1184 doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.05.210611068

Development of High-energy Particle Detectors for Space Exploration

doi: 10.11728/cjss2022.05.210611068
More Information
  • Figure  1.  Picture of the space particle direction detector

    Figure  2.  Direction distribution of high-energy electrons measured by Tiangong-I PDD. (a) Electron radiation intensity of Tiangong-I in the center of the South Atlantic anomaly zone in different directions. (b) Distribution of electron fluxes (>35 keV) in the center of the South Atlantic anomaly zone with the pitch angle

    Figure  3.  Direction distribution of high-energy proton measured by Tiangong-I PDD. (a) The proton radiation intensity of Tiangong-I in the center of the South Atlantic anomaly zone in different directions. (b) The distribution of proton fluxes (1.5~200 keV) in the center of the South Atlantic anomaly zone with the pitch angle

    Figure  4.  Schematic structure of energy particle detector

    Figure  5.  Global distributions of FY-3C protons from 1 to 16 October 2013

    Figure  6.  Global distributions of FY-3C electrons from 16 October to 15 November 2013

    Figure  7.  High-energy electron detector, high-energy proton and heavy ion detector of FY-2F(G)

    Figure  8.  High-energy particle detector of FY-4A

    Figure  9.  Fluxes of relativistic electron (> 2 MeV) from FY-4A and GOES-13 from 3 to 9 March 2017

    Figure  10.  Fight model of HEPD onboard TC-1

    Figure  11.  Comparison between AP8-predicted high-energy proton omni-directional flux and the directional flux of HEPD/TC-1 on January 2004

    Figure  12.  Solar wind ion detector (left side) and high energy particle detector (right side)

    Figure  13.  Lunar lander neutron and dosimetry equipment

    Figure  14.  Temporal evolution of the radiation environment on the Moon as measured by LND on CE-4. (a) Total radiation dose rate, (b) radiation dose rate of neutral particles, (c) radiation dose rate of charged particles, (d) penetrating flux of high-energy charged particles, and (e) ground measured neutron result

    Table  1.   Energy range channels of Shenzhou-IV/V HEED and HEPHID

    HEEDHEPHEI
    E1: 0.20~0.40 MeV P1: 2.9~4.0 MeV
    E2: 0.50~0.60 MeV P2: 4.0~5.4 MeV
    E3: 0.60~0.80 MeV P3: 5.4~8.0 MeV
    E4: 0.80~1.00 MeV P4: 8.0~15 MeV
    E5: 1.00~1.30 MeV P5: 15~26 MeV
    E6: 1.30~1.60 MeV P6: 26~32 MeV
    E7: 1.60~2.00 MeV P7: 32~60 MeV
    E8: 2.00~5.00 MeV P8: 60~100 MeV
    P9: 100~160 MeV
    P10: 160~300 MeV
    Heavy ions: 4~26 MeV
    per nucleon
    α particles: 4~26 MeV
    per nucleon
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  2.   Main parameters of the PDD

    Directional flux
    sensor
    Electron energy spectrum sensorProton energy spectrum sensor
    Energy rangeHigh-energy
    electrons: > 100 keV
    0.2~10 MeV3~300 MeV
    High-energy protons: 1.5~200 MeV
    Field of view180°×15°30°40°
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  3.   Some parameter indices of Experimental Module I

    Parameter typeParameter index
    Energy spectrum range Protons 20 keV~300 MeV
    Heavy ions 8~400 MeV per nucleon
    Electrons 20 keV~10 MeV
    Neutrons 0.025 eV~100 MeV
    Particle composition discrimination Distinguish protons, heavy ions He~Fe (2 ≤ Z ≤ 26), electrons, and neutrons
    LET spectrum range 0.001~75 MeV·mg·cm–2
    (≥64 channels)
    >75 MeV·mg·cm–2 (1 channel)
    Precision: better than 15%
    Dose rate 0.01~100 rad·d–1(Si)
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  4.   Some parameters of SEMs of Fengyun polar-orbiting satellites

    ElectronsProtonsHeavy-ions
    FY-1C/D E >1.6 MeV P1: 2.9~102 MeV He: 12~102 MeV
    P2: 5.4~11.7 MeV Be: 30~320 MeV
    P3: 11.7~40 MeV C: 60~570 MeV
    P4: 40~100 MeV Mg: 0.2~1.7 GeV
    P5: 100~300 MeV Ar: 0.3~2.8 GeV
    Fe: 0.5~2.3 GeV
    FY-3A(B) E1: 0.15~0.35 MeV P1: 3.0~5.0 MeV He: 11.6~104 MeV
    E2: 0.35~0.65 MeV P2: 5.0~10 MeV Li: 24.5~215 MeV
    E3: 0.65~1.2 MeV P3: 10~26 MeV C: 61~590 MeV
    E4: 1.2~1.9 MeV P4: 26~40 MeV Mg: 0.195~1.2 GeV
    E5: 1.9~5.6 MeV P5: 40~103 MeV Ar: 0.29~2 GeV
    P6: 103~308 MeV Fe: 0.49~2.0 GeV
    FY-3C(D) E1: 0.15~0.35 MeV P1: 3.0~5.0 MeV He: 12~110 MeV
    E2: 0.35~0.65 MeV P2: 5.0~10 MeV Li: 24~220 MeV
    E3: 0.65~1.2 MeV P3: 10~26 MeV C: 61~570 MeV
    E4: 1.2~2.0 MeV P4: 26~40 MeV Mg: 0.2~1.2 GeV
    E5: 2.0~5.7 MeV P5: 40~100 MeV Ar: 0.3~2 GeV
    P6: 100~300 MeV Fe: 0.5~2.0 GeV
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  5.   Particle species and energy range of the SEMs of Fengyun geostationary meteorological satellite

    High-energy electrons/MeVHigh-energy protons/MeVHeavy ions
    FY-2 A(B) E : >1.4 MeV P4: > 1.1 MeV 3He, 3.5~26 MeV/n
    P1: 3.5~26 MeV 4He, 3.5~26 MeV/n
    P2: 10~26 MeV
    P3: 26~300 MeV
    FY-2 C(D/E) E1 : ≥350 keV P1: 10~30 MeV He, 40~120 MeV
    E2 : ≥2.0 MeV P2: 30~100 MeV Li, 80~240 MeV
    P3: 100~300 MeV
    FY-2 F(G) E1: 0.2~0.3 MeV P1: 4~9 MeV He1, 4~10 MeV/n
    E2: 0.3~0.4 MeV P2: 9~15 MeV He2, 10~20 MeV/n
    E3: 0.4~0.5 MeV P3: 15~22 MeV He3, >20 MeV/n
    E4: 0.5~0.6 MeV P4: 22~40 MeV
    E5: 0.6~0.8 MeV P5: 40~80 MeV
    E6: 0.8~1.0 MeV P6: 80~165 MeV
    E7: 1.0~1.5 MeV P7: >165 MeV
    E8≥1.5 MeV
    E9≥2.0 MeV
    E10≥3.0 MeV
    E11≥4.0 MeV
    FY-4 A E1: 0.4~0.5 MeV P1: 1~2 MeV
    E2: 0.5~0.6 MeV P2: 2~4 MeV
    E3: 0.6~0.8 MeV P3: 4~9 MeV
    E4: 0.8~1.0 MeV P4: 9~15 MeV
    E5: 1.0~1.2 MeV P5: 15~40 MeV
    E6: 1.2~1.5 MeV P6: 40~80 MeV
    E7: 1.5~2.0 MeV P7: 80~165 MeV
    E8: 2.0~4.0 MeV P8 >165 MeV
    E9 >2.0 MeV
    下载: 导出CSV

    Table  6.   Main parameters of particle detectors onboard TC-1/2

    HEEDHEPDHID
    Geometric factor 0.0274 cm2·sr 0.1105 cm2·sr 0.255 cm2·sr
    Count rate 0~105 s–1 0~105 s–1 NC
    Energy range 0.2~10 MeV 3~400 MeV 12 MeV (He+)~8 GeV (Fe)
    Energy channels E0: 0.2~0.4 MeV P1: 3.0~5.0 MeV He: 12~50 MeV, 50~130 MeV,
      130~220 MeV, 220~50 MeV
    E1: 0.4~0.5 MeV P2: 5.0~10.0 MeV Li: 23~250 MeV
    E2: 0.5~0.6 MeV P3: 10~20 MeV Be: 36~390 MeV
    E3: 0.6~0.8 MeV P4: 20~30 MeV B: 53~640 MeV
    E4: 0.8~1.0 MeV P5: 30~50 MeV C: 70~700 MeV
    E5: 1.0~1.5 MeV P6: 50~100 MeV N: 89~890 MeV
    E6: 1.5~2.0 MeV P7: 100~200 MeV O: 109~1090 MeV
    E7: 2.0~3.0 MeV P8: 200~400 MeV F: 137~1341 MeV
    E8: 3.0~10.0 MeV Mg: 200~2000 MeV
    Ar: 380~400 MeV
    Fe: 640~7000 MeV
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-06-07
  • 录用日期:  2022-03-09
  • 修回日期:  2022-03-22
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-09-26

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