Infrared Spectroscopic Detection of Organic Matter on the Surface of Asteroids
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摘要:
小行星的有机物记录了太阳系早期有机物的形成发展历史，为地球早期生命前体出现的研究提供了重要依据，对于研究生命起源和演化具有重要意义。本文综合分析了小行星表面可能存在的有机物成分、种类及其赋存状态，利用红外光谱开展地面模拟实验，探讨有机物的红外光谱特征及其影响因素。结果表明，不同类型有机物的红外光谱特征与其类型、结构、温度和压力等有关。研究确定了小行星表面主要有机物的红外光谱识别标志，初步提出了小行星有机物红外光谱探测仪器的基本指标参数。
Abstract:The organic matter in the asteroid has recorded the formation and evolution of organic matter in the early solar system, which provides an important basis for the research on the emergence of early life precursors on Earth, and is significant for the origin and evolution of life. In this study, the composition, types and occurrence of possible organic matter in asteroids have been analyzed. The infrared spectra and influence factors of organic matter have been discussed by simulation experiments. Infrared spectra of three representative organic matter (i.e., glycine, glucose, and eicosane) at different temperatures were obtained by in-situ infrared spectroscopy measurements under temperatures ranging from – 60°C to 30°C in vacuum. In addition, the main types of organic matter of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite were identified using the infrared spectrometer. The results show that the infrared spectral of different organic compounds are related to the types, structures, temperatures, and pressures. The identification marks of main organic matter on the surface of the asteroids have been determined. And the preliminary parameters of infrared spectrometer for exploring organic matter in asteroids are presented.
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Key words:
- Asteroid /
- Organic matter /
- Infrared spectra /
- Exploration methods
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图 1 小行星65 Cybele和24 Themis的反射光谱
Figure 1. Reflection spectra of Asteroids 65 Cybele and 24 Themis
图 2 小行星65 Cybele在光谱3.2~3.5 μm波段的有机物建模分析(包括脂肪烃、芳香烃和冰索林三种类型的有机物)
Figure 2. Modeling analysis of organic matter of Asteroid 65 Cybele in the spectrum of 3.2~3.5 μm (including aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, and ice tholin)
图 7 芳香烃、烷烃、羧酸和氨基酸的特征红外识别标志
Figure 7. Infrared identification marks of aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, carboxylic acids, and amino acids
表 1 Murchison碳质球粒陨石中的主要有机化合物及其含量
Table 1. Types and contents of main organic matter in Murchison carbonaceous chondrites
类型 含量 (×10–6) 高分子 14500 甲烷 0.14 脂肪烃 12~35 芳香烃 15~28 一元羧酸 332 二元羧酸 25.7 α-羟基羧酸 14.6 氨基酸 60 醇类 11 醛类 11 酮类 16 糖相关类 60 氨类 19 胺类 8 尿素 25 碱性氮杂环 (吡啶和喹啉) 0.05~0.5 吡啶甲酸 >7 二甲酰亚胺 >50 嘧啶类（尿嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶） 0.06 嘌呤类 1.2 苯并噻吩 0.3 磺酸 67 磷酸 1.5 
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表 2 小行星和陨石中常见的有机物及其含量和主要官能团
Table 2. Abundance and main functional groups of the common organics in asteroids and meteorites
类型 含量 (×10–6) 主要官能团 高分子 14500 － 芳香烃 15~28 =C-H 脂肪烃 12~35 C-H、C=C 一元羧酸 332 C=O、C-O 氨基酸 60 N-H 糖相关类 60 C-O、O-H、OC=O 二甲酰亚胺 >50 C-O、O-H、C=O 磺酸 67 S=O
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表 3 国内外主要红外光谱仪的参数特征
Table 3. Parameter of several infrared spectrometers on spacecrafts
序号 光谱仪名称 探测器 探测对象 波段范
围/μm光谱分辨
率/nm1 Near-infrared 1 and 2
(NIR1/2)[20]Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite 月球 1.35~2.25 35 2 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)[21] Chandrayaan-1 月球 0.42~3.0 10~40 3 Hyperspectral Imager (HySI)[22] Chandrayaan-1 月球 0.4~0.92 15 4 Infrared Spectrometer
(SIR1/2)[23]SMART-1/Chandrayaan-1 月球 0.93~2.4 60 5 Observatoire pour la Minéralogie,
l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA)[24]Mars Express 火星 0.5~1.0 7 1.0~5.2 13~20 6 Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the
Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM)[25]Mars Express 火星 0.11~0.31 0.8 0.7~1.7 0.5~1 7 Compact Reconnaissance Imaging
Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM)[26]Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 火星 0.37~3.92 6.55 8 Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
of Venus (SPICAV)[27]Venus Express 金星 0.11~0.31 0.8 0.7~1.7 0.5~1 2.3~4.2 0.18~0.62 9 Visible and InfraRed Thermal
Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS)[28]Venus Express 金星 0.25~1.0 2 1.0~5.0 10 10 Visual and Infrared Mapping
Spectrometer (VIMS)[29]Cassini 土星及土星环 0.35~1.05 7 0.85~5.1 16 11 Visible and Near-Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS)[30]嫦娥三号 月球 0.45~0.95 2~7 0.9~2.4 3~12 12 Near-Infrared Spectrometer
(NIRS3)[31]Hayabusa 2 小行星 162173 Ryugu 1.8~3.2 18 13 OVIRS[32] OSIRIS-REx 小行星 101955 Bennu 0.4~0.9 <7.5 0.9~1.9 <13 1.9~4.3 <22 14 Visible and Near-Infrared
Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS)[33]嫦娥四号 月球 0.45~0.95 2.4~6.5 0.9~2.4 3.6~9.6
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表 4 4种有机物的主要官能团和较强的特征振动频率
Table 4. Main functional groups and strong vibration frequencies of the four organic matter
类型 主要官能团 特征振动频率/cm–1 芳香烃 C=C、CH 3100~3000 1600~1450 860~680 烷烃 CH3、CH2 3000~2850 1465~1375 羧酸 OH、CO、C=O 3300~2500 1800~1680 960~910 氨基酸 NH、CH、CO-O 3100~2000 1650~1590 1550~1480
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表 5 小行星有机物红外光谱探测仪器初步设计结果
Table 5. Preliminary design of infrared spectrometer for exploring organic matter in asteroids
指标类型 初步设计结果 光谱范围 2.9~15.4 μm （650~3400 cm–1） 光谱分辨率 优于10 nm （12 cm–1） 谱段数 1250 光谱仪类型 高光谱 分光类型 时空联合调制干涉成像 定标不确定度 优于4%
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