Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer Mission
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摘要: 金星火山和气候探测任务（Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer，VOICE）聚焦金星火山与热演化历史、水与板块运动、内部结构和动力学、气候演化和生命信息探索等重大科学问题，提出采用极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar，PolSAR） 、下视与临边结合的微波辐射探测仪（Microwave Radiometric Sounder，MWRS）和紫外–可见–近红外多光谱成像仪（Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared Multispectral Imager，UVN-MSI）等三个先进的有效载荷，在350 km圆轨道上对金星全球表面和大气联合探测。 PolSAR将对金星全球表面进行高分辨多极化雷达成像；MWRS将对金星全球云下大气的热力结构和化学组成，云中可能的宜居环境及与生命相关大气成分进行探测；UVN-MSI则实现大气全貌成像、表面光谱成像和闪电检测。通过多种先进探测载荷和技术手段的结合，VOICE任务将揭示金星构造热演化历史和超温室效应机理，探索其宜居性和生命信息。VOICE任务的实施将实现国际金星研究探索中许多“零”的突破，为理解行星宜居性和太阳系演化提供极为关键的观测支持，对提升中国在国际深空探测与空间科学研究中的地位产生重大影响。Abstract: Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer (VOICE) is an orbiting mission to investigate the Venusian volcanic and thermal evolution history, water and plate tectonics, internal structure and dynamics, climate evolution, possible habitable environment and life information in the clouds. Three state-of-the-art scientific payloads, the Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR), the Microwave Radiometric Sounder (MWRS) and the Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared Multi-Spectral Imager (UVN-MSI), will be flown on a polar-circular orbit of about 350 km. The PolSAR with meter resolution surface imaging capability enables refined exploration of Venusian tectonic and volcanic activity and evolution history. The MWRS, with a combination of a nadir-looking module and a limb-looking module, has the capability to refine the thermal structure and composition of the Venusian atmosphere, including near surface, below-inside and above the clouds, and will reveal the exchange and interaction between the surface and lower atmosphere. The MWRS will also investigate biosignatures, such as PH3 and NH3, in the cloud to further the fundamental scientific questions on the habitable environment and life information in Venus' atmosphere. The UVN-MSI can map the global atmosphere and look through the atmosphere with NIR windows. With combined observations by MWRS and UVN-MSI, our understanding of the atmospheric composition and climate evolution of Venus can be greatly improved. The scientific objective of the VOICE mission is to advance the understanding of the geological and thermal history and evolution of Venus, the mechanisms of the global circulation of Venusian atmosphere, past and current habitable environments, and the possible existence of life in the clouds of Venus. Through the combination of the state of art of payloads and technologies, the mission goals are to search for evidence of water and plate tectonic activities, reveal the type of volcanic activity and thermal evolution history of Venus; establish the composition and thermal structure of middle and lower atmosphere of Venus, and break through the understanding of Venusian atmospheric and climatic evolution; reveal the mechanism of runaway greenhouse effect, and explore whether Venus has a habitable environment and whether life (once) existed.
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图 1 金星火山和气候探测（VOICE）科学卫星任务概念
Figure 1. Concept art depicting Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Exploration (VOICE) Mission
表 1 有效载荷探测功能和配置
Table 1. Configuration scheme of VOICE satellite payloads
有效载荷 探测要素 探测形式 关键技术指标 支持的科学研究 极化SAR
(PolSAR)表面高分辨率成像 多极化成像 分辨率：3~10 m
幅宽：10 km
极化：单极化/简缩极化/全极化表面构造及演化
火山活动与作用
表面与大气相互作用微波辐射
探测仪
（MWRS）云下大气温度
云下大气成分
云中大气成分
大气风场和水气下视和临边观测 高度：地表约100 km
垂直分辨率：3～6 km
覆盖范围：全
要素：温度、SO2、PH3、NH3、
H2O等大气热力结构与运动
表面与大气的相互作用
云中环境与生命信息
气候特征紫外–可见–
近红外
多光谱成像仪
（UVN-MSI）表面多光谱成像
大气全貌成像
闪电检测多光谱和成像探测 表面成像空间分辨率：
3～10 km
大气全貌成像空间分辨率：
<20 km表面物质组成和构造演化
闪电信息
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表 2 VOICE任务与国际金星探测任务的有效载荷及性能对比
Table 2. Comparison of payloads and their performance between VOICE mission and international Venus exploration missions
名称 年份/类型 国家或机构 对金星地表形貌探测的
有效载荷和性能对金星大气和气候探测的
有效载荷和性能VOICE 环绕任务 中国 PolSAR：与历史上的和未来
其他国际金星任务相比，可实现迄今最高分辨率雷达成像；设计分辨率1～10 mMWRS：首次实现金星全球大气微波毫米波观测（穿透云层）。星下点空间分辨率7~10 km。独特性：历史上的和未来其他国际金星任务未搭载类似载荷，其轨道器无法实现对云下大气的定量探测。MWRS可实现的观测具体如下。
① 可观测PH3，NH3，SO2，H2O，CO等气体分子及大气温度；② 可观测地表温度，测量精度为2 K；③ 可测量大气温度，观测高度0~60 km（下视模式）；④ 可测量大气组成，观测高度0~150 km（下视+临边模式）
UVN-MSI：性能指标与历史上的和未来其他国际金星任务相当。可实现大气全貌成像、表面窗口成像、闪电检测。分辨率：3 km/20 km麦哲伦号 1989年/
环绕任务美国 合成孔径雷达：
最高空间分辨率120~300 m无相关载荷 金星快车 2005年/
环绕任务欧空局 无相关载荷 ① 高分辨红外傅里叶光谱仪（PFS），测量金星大气和表面温度；② 紫外和红外摄谱仪（SPICAV/SOIR），测定金星的化学成分；③ 紫外–可见光–近红外成像摄谱仪（VIRTIS），探测云层和雾霭特性；④ 空间等离子体和高能原子分析器（ASPERA），研究太阳风相互作用；⑤ 金星监测摄像机（VMC），可实现近红外、紫外、可见光的广角多频道摄像。这些载荷仅能开展对云上大气的探测 拂晓号 2010年/
环绕任务日本 无相关载荷 主体为5个成像相机，覆盖紫外至中红外波段，仅能开展对云上大气的探测 真相号 计划2030年/
环绕任务美国 金星干涉合成孔径雷达（VISAR）：图像空间分辨率为30 m；数字高程模型精度为水平250 m，高度5 m 金星发射率测绘仪（VEM）：使用六个大气
窗口光谱波段绘制金星表面发射率。仅能开展云上大气的探测达芬奇+ 计划2030年/
下落式探测器美国 金星下降成像仪（VenDI）：在下降位置对镶嵌地块区域进行高对比度成像 金星分析实验室套件（VAL）：在进入大气和下落过程中原位探测大气结构和组成。包含三个相关仪器：① 金星质谱仪（VMS）；② 金星可调谐激光光谱仪（VTLS）；③ 金星大气结构调查套件（VASI） 展望号 计划2032年/
环绕任务欧空局 金星合成孔径雷达（VenSAR），空间分辨率为30 m；金星光谱套件（VenSpec）中的VenSpec-M通道，对地表岩石成分进行探测；地下雷达探测仪（SRS） 金星光谱套件（VenSpec）中VenSpec-H and VenSpec-U通道，分别对大气成分开展高分辨率探测和对含硫物质、云上层紫外吸收剂开展探测
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