An Analytical Interpretation of NASA's FY 2024 Budget in Space Science and Technology
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摘要: 对2023年3月美国国家航空航天局（NASA）发布的2024财年预算申请进行分析和梳理。分析了NASA在2024财年预算概况以及深空探索系统、空间运行、空间技术、科学领域的重点部署情况。研究并讨论了NASA 2024财年预算案积极响应NASA最新战略规划，预算案对重要领域的重大影响，美国严峻通胀态势以及预算不确定性对NASA未来发展走向的潜在影响等关键问题。Abstract: NASA's Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 budget request, released in March 2023, was analyzed and discussed in the present work. An overview of NASA's FY 2024 budget and its funding priorities in the areas of Deep Space Exploration Systems, Space Operations, Space Technology, and Science were provided. Key issues including the positive response of NASA's FY 2024 budget to NASA Strategic Plan 2022, the potential impact of the budget requests on NASA's research portfolio, the severe inflationary situation in the US, and the potential impact of budget uncertainty on NASA's future development were examined and discussed.
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Key words:
- NASA budget /
- NASA strategy /
- Space science and technology /
- Human spaceflight /
- Planetary exploration
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表 1 NASA 2024财年预算申请（单位：百万美元）
Table 1. NASA's FY 2024 budget request (in millions of U.S. dollars)
科目 2023财年拨款 2024财年申请预算 变化情况/(%) 科学 7795.0 8260.8 6.0 地球科学 2195.0 2472.8 12.7 行星科学 3200.0 3383.2 5.7 天体物理 1510.0 1557.4 3.1 日球层物理 805.0 750.9 -6.7 生物和物理学 85.0 96.5 13.5 航空 935.0 995.8 6.5 空间技术 1200.0 1391.6 16.0 深空探索系统 7468.9 7971.1 6.7 通用探索系统开发 4737.9 4525.4 -4.5 阿尔忒弥斯计划开发 2600.3 3234.8 24.4 载人探索需求及架构 ‒ 49.1 ‒ 火星计划开发 ‒ 161.8 ‒ 空间运行 4250.0 4534.6 6.7 国际空间站 ‒ 1302.6 ‒ 空间运输 ‒ 1956.7 ‒ 空间和飞行支持 ‒ 1047.0 ‒ 商业近地轨道开发 ‒ 228.4 ‒ 科学、技术、工程与数学（STEM） 143.5 157.8 10.0 安全、保障、任务服务 3129.5 3369.4 7.7 基建以及环境合规与恢复 414.3 453.7 9.5 总监察长办公室 47.6 50.2 5.5 总计 25383.7 27185.0 7.1 
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表 2 NASA 2024财年预算在NASA四大战略主题中的布局情况
Table 2. NASA's FY 2024 budget allocations among NASA's 4 strategic themes
预算科目 NASA战略主题 领域 子领域 发现 探索 创新 进步 D1 D2 D3 E1 E2 E3 I1 I2 I3 P1 P2 P3 科学 地球科学 Y Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y 行星科学 ‒ Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y 天体物理 ‒ Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y 日球层物理 ‒ Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y 生物和物理学 ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ 空间技术 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ Y ‒ ‒ 深空探索系统 通用探索系统开发 ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 阿尔忒弥斯计划开发 ‒ ‒ ‒ Y Y Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 载人探索需求及架构 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 火星计划开发 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 空间运行 国际空间站 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y Y Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 空间运输 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 空间和飞行支持 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ 商业近地轨道开发 ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ Y ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ 注 “Y”表示存在对应部署，“－”表示无对应部署。
D1：了解地球系统和地球气候。D2：了解太阳、太阳系和宇宙。D3：确保科学数据开放，为社会带来实际效益。
E1：探索月球表面和深空。E2：通过商业市场发展载人航天经济。E3：开发能力并开展研究，以确保空间探索的安全。
I1：强化空间进入和服务。I2：创新和推动空间技术的转化。I3：推动高效和可持续的航空发展。
P1：吸引和培养才华横溢和多样化的人才。P2：改进任务支撑能力，迎接航空航天新时代。P3：培养下一代探索者。
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[1] National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Summary[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fiscal_year_2024_nasa_budget_summary.pdf [2] National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA FY 2024 Budget Estimates (Congressional Justification)[EB/OL]. (2023-03-15)[2023-05-23]. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2024_cj_v2.pdf [3] National Aeronautics and Space Administration. President's Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Strengthens NASA, Space Economy[EB/OL]. [2023-05-22]. http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/president-s-fiscal-year-2024-budget-strengthens-nasa-space-economy [4] The European Space Agency. ESA budget 2023[EB/OL]. [2023-05-24]. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/01/ESA_budget_2023 [5] National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA Strategic Plan 2022[EB/OL]. [2022-03-28]. https://science.nasa.gov/files/atoms/files/fy_22_strategic_plan.pdf [6] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Origins, Worlds, and Life: a Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032[M]. Washington D C: National Academies Press, 2022: 26522 [7] National Science & Technology Council. National Preparedness Strategy and Action Plan for Near-Earth Object Hazards and Planetary Defense[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/2023-NSTC-National-Preparedness-Strategy-and-Action-Plan-for-Near-Earth-Object-Hazards-and-Planetary-Defense.pdf [8] National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA Planetary Defense Strategy and Action Plan[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_-_planetary_defense_strategy_-_final-508.pdf [9] National Academies of Sciences E. Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s[EB/OL]. [2021-11-08]. http://www.doc88.com/p-99799861685575.html [10] The Planetary Society. The Planetary Society Welcomes Continued. The Planetary Society[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://www.planetary.org/press-releases/the-planetary-society-welcomes-continued-budget-growth-for-nasa-calls-on-congress-to-act [11] The Planetary Society. NASA's FY 2024 Budget[EB/OL]. [2023-05-22]. https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2024-budget [12] DREIER C. NASA's 2024 budget proposal is pretty good, but it faces political headwinds[EB/OL]. [2023-05-22]. https://www.planetary.org/articles/nasas-2024-budget [13] NELSON B. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Letter - Impact of Spending Cuts[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://democrats-appropriations.house.gov/sites/democrats.appropriations.house.gov/files/National%20Aeronautics%20and%20Space%20Administration%20Letter%20-%20Impact%20of%20Spending%20Cuts.pdf [14] FOUST J. NASA warns of "devastating" impacts of potential budget cuts - SpaceNews[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://spacenews.com/nasa-warns-of-devastating-impacts-of-potential-budget-cuts/ [15] SMITH M. Nelson Details "Devastating" Impacts If NASA Funding Capped at FY2022 Level or Less – SpacePolicyOnline. com[EB/OL]. [2023-05-23]. https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nelson-details-devastating-impacts-if-nasa-funding-capped-at-fy2022-level-or-less/ -
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