Spatio-temporal Distribution Characteristics of Arctic Ice Eddies Based on SAR Satellite Observations
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摘要: 北冰洋复杂的寒、暖洋流交汇作用为涡旋的生成和发展提供了适宜的条件。在北极边缘冰区，上层浮冰示踪海洋涡旋，形成冰涡特征。冰涡通过垂直热量传输加速上层浮冰的消融，影响着边缘冰区的演变，间接调节全球气候。本文利用高空间分辨率的合成孔径雷达（SAR）卫星影像开展了北极冰涡检测识别与时空特征分析研究。基于SAR影像构建训练数据集，采用YOLOv7目标检测模型完成模型训练任务；对2022年北极冰涡影像进行检测识别，在此基础之上进行目视解译处理。基于目视解译结果开展冰涡特征分析。目视解译共确定3615个气旋型冰涡和1482个反气旋型冰涡，这些冰涡主要在7－11月生成，集中分布于格陵兰岛东部沿岸和格陵兰海中北部，冰涡的平均直径为21.2 km，平均海冰占比为41.76%。本文的冰涡检测识别和时空特征分析研究结果为北极地区海洋现象分析与气候研究提供了有价值的方法参考和遥感分析资料。
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关键词:
- 合成孔径雷达（SAR） /
- 冰涡 /
- YOLO /
- 检测识别 /
- 特征分析
Abstract: The complex interaction between cold and warm ocean currents in the Arctic Ocean creates favorable conditions for the formation and growth of eddies. In the marginal ice zone of the Arctic, some of the upper ice floes, resulting in the formation of distinctive rotational features. These features, which contain traces of ice floes, are referred to as “ice eddies” in this paper. Ice eddies accelerate the melting of the upper ice floes through vertical heat transfer, which affects the development of the marginal ice zone and indirectly regulates the global climate. In this paper, a study is conducted on the detection, identification, and spatial and temporal characterization of Arctic ice eddies using high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images of 2022. Firstly, a training dataset is constructed using preprocessed SAR images, and the YOLOv7 target detection model is used to train the model. Then, the process of human-supervised visual identification is conducted based on the results of detection and identification, resulting in the identification of a total of 3615 cyclonic ice eddies and 1482 anticyclonic ice eddies. Finally, the ice eddies are characterized using the visual identification results mentioned above. The statistical results show that ice eddies in the Arctic Ocean are primarily generated from July to November. Their spatial distribution is concentrated along the eastern coast of Greenland and in the north-central Greenland Sea. The diameters of the ice eddies range from 3.85 to 114.9 km. 99% of the eddies are smaller than 60 km, with an average diameter of 21.2 km. 97% of the eddies have sea-ice coverage ranging from 20% to 70%, with an average sea-ice coverage of 41.76%. The results of the ice eddies detection, identification, and spatial and temporal characterization in this paper provide valuable methodological references and remote sensing analysis information for analyzing marine phenomena and conducting climate research in the Arctic region. -
图 1 北极边缘冰区实验数据分布
Figure 1. Distribution of experimental data in the Arctic marginal ice area
图 4 冰涡空间分布。（a）气旋型冰涡，（b）反气旋型冰涡
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of ice eddies. (a) Cyclonic ice eddy, (b) anticyclonic ice eddy
图 5 冰涡分布统计直方图。（a）冰涡直径数量分布，（b）冰涡月度数量分布，（c）冰涡海冰占比数量分布
Figure 5. Histogram of ice eddy distribution statistics. (a) Ice eddy diameter number distribution, (b) ice eddy monthly number distribution, (c) ice eddy sea ice percentage number distribution
图 7 冰涡分布统计散点图。（a）冰涡月度直径分布，（b）冰涡月度海冰占比分布，（c）冰涡海冰占比与直径分布
Figure 7. Scatterplot of ice eddy distribution. (a) Monthly diameter distribution of ice eddies, (b) distribution of monthly sea-ice share of ice eddies, (c) distribution of sea-ice share of ice eddies with diameter
表 1 哨兵一号卫星成像模式及参数
Table 1. Sentinel-1 imaging modalities and parameters
成像模式 分辨率
/m幅宽
/km极化方式 SM 5×5 80 VV+VH/HH+HV/HH/VV IW 5×20 250 VV+VH/HH+HV/HH/VV EW 20×40 400 VV+VH/HH+HV/HH/VV WV 5×5 20×20 HH/VV 
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表 2 北极冰涡检测SAR数据统计（哨兵一号卫星）
Table 2. SAR data statistics for Arctic ice eddy detection (Sentinel-1)
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 2014 － － － － － － － － － 291 23 9 323 2022 84 63 95 68 67 181 268 238 151 196 161 129 1701
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