Progress in Spaceborne Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Technology and Its Application
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摘要: 星载被动微波遥感是指利用高灵敏度接收机通过接收场景和目标的自然微波辐射来提取目标信息的一种遥感手段。被动微波遥感又称微波辐射计遥感。人类利用微波辐射计从空间进行对地遥感已有50多年的历史。目前，星载微波辐射计已经成为气象和海洋卫星的主载荷，在数值天气预报、海洋环境监测和全球变化研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文分析了国内外星载被动微波遥感技术与应用进展，以及被动微波遥感技术发展趋势及其关键技术问题，针对中国星载被动微波遥感的定量化应用，在数据与数据处理流程，算法标准化、亮温和反演参数的定标/检验标准化等方面提出了一些思考和建议，以期望被动微波遥感数据被越来越广泛地得到应用，最大限度地提升星载地球被动微波遥感技术的应用效能。Abstract: Spaceborne passive microwave sensor is a kind of remote sensing that uses high-sensitivity receivers to detect natural microwave radiation from scenes and targets. Passive microwave remote sensor also refers to microwave radiometer. Microwave radiometers have been used for remote sensing of the Earth from space for more than fifty years. At present, microwave radiometers have become the main payload of meteorological and oceanographic satellites, playing an important role in numerical weather prediction, marine environment monitoring and global climate change research. This article analyzes and summarizes the following points. Firstly, passive microwave remote sensing technology and its application development. Secondly, the development trend of passive microwave remote sensing technology and its key technical issues. Thirdly, for the quantitative application of passive microwave remote sensing in China, some thoughts and suggestions are put forward in terms of product and data processing procedures, as well as standardization on algorithm for deriving different level products, calibration/validation of brightness temperature and geophysical parameters. The contents of this article aim at promoting much wider application of passive microwave remote sensing data and maximizing the application efficiency of passive microwave remote sensing technology.
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图 1 空间微波辐射计两种不同的观测几何示例
Figure 1. Two different observation geometries for spaceborne microwave radiometers
图 2 星载微波辐射计的扫描模式。（a）交轨扫描，（b）圆锥扫描
Figure 2. Scanning modes of spaceborne microwave radiometer. (a) Cross-scanning, (b) conical scanning of AMSR
图 4 静止轨道大气微波探测仪地面样机。（a）第一代样机，（b）第二代样机，（c）（e）光学照片，（d）（f）对应的微波成像亮温
Figure 4. Ground prototype of the geostationary atmospheric microwave sounder. (a) First-generation prototype, (b) second-generation prototype, (c)(e) optics images, (d)(f) corresponding microwave brightness temperature
图 5 气象卫星微波成像仪比较。（a）GMI，（b）MWRI-2
Figure 5. Comparison of meteorological satellite microwave imagers. (a) GMI, (b) MWRI-2
图 6 国外海洋卫星微波成像仪比较。（a）AMSR2，（b）WindSat
Figure 6. Comparison of oversea ocean microwave imager. (a) AMSR2, (b) WindSat
图 7 HY-2校正辐射计的实验室折叠状态（左侧是折叠的反射面天线，右侧是三个定标天线）
Figure 7. Folded state of the HY-2 calibration radiometer （the left side is the folded reflector antenna, and the right side is the three calibration antennas）
图 8 40 GHz以下陆地表面（a）和海洋表面（b）参数对于亮温的敏感性
Figure 8. Sensitivity of land surface (a) and ocean surface (b) parameters below 40 GHz to brightness temperatures
图 9 利用美国空军地球物理实验室提供的亚北极地区冬天廓线计算的透过率（a）和不同大气成分（水汽、氧气、臭氧）的光学厚度（b）
Figure 9. Transmittance (a) and optical depth (b) calculated using a subarctic winter atmosphere profile from ARGL
图 11 TALIS可以观测的参数及其高度范围分布
Figure 11. Parameters that may be observed by TALIS and their height range distributions
图 12 SMAP卫星观测。6 m轻量可展开网面反射面，雷达和辐射计共用一个馈源，天线和接收机同时旋转实现圆锥扫描
Figure 12. SMAP satellite observation. 6 m lightweight deployable mesh reflector, radar and radiometer share a feed source, the antenna and receiver rotate simultaneously to achieve conical scanning
图 14 AMSR标准数据流程（一级数据由仪器研制方NASDA产生）
Figure 14. AMSR standard product flow chart (Level 1 was produced by NASDA)
图 15 空间微波数据处理算法流程
Figure 15. Spaceborne microwave radiometer data processing algorithm
图 16 星载微波辐射计定标总流程
Figure 16. Overall flow chart of calibration of spaceborne microwave radiometer
图 17 星载微波辐射计数据定标/检验流程
Figure 17. Spaceborne microwave radiometer data calibration/validation
表 1 美国、欧洲和中国的典型大气微波探测仪的比较
Table 1. Comparison of typical atmospheric microwave sounders in the United States, Europe and China
名称/国家或地区 通道
数量中心频率/GHz 观测范围
（刈幅）/km微波探测仪
（MSU）美国4 50.30, 53.74, 54.96, 57.95 2350 特种微波温度计
（SSM/T）美国7 50.50, 53.20, 54.35, 54.90, 58.40, 58.825, 59.40 1500 特种微波湿度计
（SSM/T-2）美国5 91.655 ± 1.250, 150.0 ± 1.250, 183.31 ± 7.0, 183.31 ± 3.0, 183.31 ± 1.0 1500 先进微波探测仪-A
（AMSU-A）美国15 23.800, 31.400, 50.300, 52.800, 53.596 ± 0.115, 54.400, 54.940, 55.500, f0 = 57.290344, f0 ± 0.217, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.048, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.022, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.010, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.0045, 89.000 2250 先进微波探测仪-B
（AMSU-B）美国5 89.0, 150, 183.31 ± 1.00, 183.31 ± 3.00, 190.31 ± 7.00 2250 微波湿度计
（MHS）欧洲5 89，157, 183.31±3, 183.31±1, 190.311 2180 微波温度计-1
（MWTS-1）中国4 50.30, 53.596 ± 0.115, 54.94, 57.290 2200 微波湿度计-1
（MWHS-1）中国5 150 QV, 150 QH, 183.31 ± 7.0, 183.31 ± 3.0, 183.31 ± 1.0 2700 先进微波探测仪
（ATMS）美国22 23.800, 31.400, 50.300, 51.760, 52.800, 53.596 ± 0.115, 54.400, 54.940, 55.500, f0 = 57.290344, f0 ± 0.217, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.048, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.022, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.010, f0 ± 0.3222 ± 0.0045, 88.2, 165.5, 183.31 ± 7.0, 183.31 ± 4.5, 183.31 ± 3.0, 183.31 ± 1.8, 183.31 ± 1.0 2200 微波温度计-2
（MWTS-2）中国13 与ATMS的50～58 GHz的通道相同 2250 微波湿度计-2
（MWHS-2）中国15 89, 118.75±5.0, 118.75±3.0, 118.75±2.5, 118.75±1.1, 118.75±0.8, 118.75±0.3, 118.75±0.2, 118.75±0.08, 150/ 166 （C, D星150 GHz，E星以后166 GHz） , 183±7, 183±4.5, 183±3, 183±1.8, 183±1 2700 微波温度计-3
（MWTS-3）中国17 与AMTS的23.8, 31.4和50～58 GHz通道相同, 此外增加了53.246 ± 0.08和53.948 ± 0.081通道 2700 微波探测仪
（MWS）欧洲24 17个MWTS-3通道, 7个MWHS-2通道（除了118 GHz的8个通道）和229.0通道 2300 
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表 2 美国SSMI，SSMIS，TMI，GMI与中国FY-3的MWRI系列微波成像仪比较
Table 2. Comparison of American SSMI, SSMIS, TMI, and GMI with China’s FY-3 MWRI series microwave imagers
载荷 卫星平台 轨道 频率/GHz，极化 天线口径，刈幅
宽度，入射角有效运行
时间（年）SSMI DMSP-F08
DMSP-F10
DMSP-F11
DMSP-F12
DMSP-F13
DMSP-F14
DMSP-F15极轨，850 km太阳同步轨道， 19.35 V，H
22.235 V
37.0 V，H
85.5 V，H61 cm×66 cm，
1400 km，53.1°1987－2006
1990－1997
1991－2000
1994－2008
1995－2015
1997－2020
1999－2020SSMIS DMSP-F16
DMSP-F17
DMSP-F18
DMSP-F19极轨，850 km太阳同步轨道 19.35～183.31 GHz 61 cm×66 cm，
1400 km，53.1°2003－2023
2006－2025
2009－2025
2014－2016TMI美国 TRMM 近赤道轨道，350 km，1997－2001年，半赤道轨道，402 km，2001年 10.65 V，H
19.35 V，H
21.3 V
37.0 V，H
85.5 V，H61 cm×66 cm，
760 km，53°1997－2015 GMI美国 GPM 近赤道407 km轨道，65°倾角 10.65 V，H
18.7 V，H
23.8 V
36.5 V，H
89.0 V，H
165.5 V，H
183.31+/–3 V
183.31+/–7 V120 cm，850 km，
53°2014－2027 MWRI-1 FY-3A
FY-3B
FY-3C
FY-3D极轨，831 km太阳同步轨道，98.75°倾角 5频率10通道：10.65，18.7，23.8，36.5，89 GHz，全部VH极化 90 cm，1400 km，
53.2°2008－2015
2010－2021
2013－2023
2017－2024MWRI-2 FY-3F
FY-3H极轨，831 km太阳同步轨道 13频率22通道：10.65，18.7，23.8，36.5，50.3，52.61，53.24，53.75，89118.7503±3.2，118.7503±2.1，118.7503±1.4，118.7503±1.2。118为V极化，其他为VH极化 180 cm
1400 km
53°/50°2023－2032
2024－2029MWRI-RM FY-3G 407 km圆轨道，50°倾角 17频率26通道：在MWRI-2基础上，增加四个V极化通道：165.5±0.75，183.31±2.0 ，183.31± 3.4，183.31±7.0 GHz 120 cm
800 km
53.1°2023－2032 MWI Metop-SG-A1
Metop-SG-A2
Metop-SG-A383 5 km太阳同步轨道 18频率26通道：18.7～183 GHz 75 cm
1700 km
53.1°2025－2032
2032－3039
2039－2046注 开始时间大于2023年表示计划发射时间及其对应寿命的结束时间；开始时间小于2023年而结束时间大于2023年表示该载 荷目前在轨工作[22]。
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表 3 ICI的主要技术指标
Table 3. ICI’s main specifications
中心频率/GHz 带宽/MHz 灵敏度/K 定标偏差/K 极化方式 瞬时视场/km 183.31±7.0 2×2000 0.8 1.0 V 16 183.31±3.4 2×1500 0.8 1.0 V 16 183.31±2.0 2×1500 0.8 1.0 V 16 243.2±2.5 2×3000 0.7 1.5 V, H 16 325.15±9.5 2×3000 1.2 1.5 V 16 325.15±3.5 2×2400 1.3 1.5 V 16 325.15±1.5 2×1600 1.5 1.5 V 16 448±7.2 2×3000 14 1.5 V 16 448±3.0 2×2000 1.6 1.5 V 16 448±1.4 2×1200 2.0 1.5 V 16 664±4.2 2×5000 1.6 1.5 V, H 16
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表 4 日本AMSR，AMSR-E，ASMR2与中国海洋卫星微波成像仪RM比较
Table 4. Comparison between Japan’s AMSR, AMSR-E, ASMR2 and China’s oceanic satellite microwave imager RM
载荷 卫星平台 天线尺寸/m 有效运行时间
（年/月）频率/GHz，极化 降交点时间（LT） AMSR ADEOS-II 2.0 2003/04－2003/10 6.93 VH，10.65 VH，18.7 VH，23.8 VH，36.5 VH，50.3 V，52.8 V，89.0 VH 22:30 AMSR-E Aqua 1.6 2002/05－2011/10 6.93 VH，10.65 VH，18.7 VH，23.8 VH，36.5 VH，89.0 VH 13:30 ASMR2 GCOM-W1 2.0 2012/05至今 6.93 VH，7.3 VH，10.65 VH，18.7 VH，23.8 VH，36.5 VH，89.0 VH 01:30 RM HY-2A，2B 1.2 2011至今 6.6 VH，10.7 VH，18.7 VH，23.8 V，37 VH 06:00
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表 5 俄罗斯3代微波成像探测仪与美国SSMIS的比较
Table 5. Comparison of 3 Russian Microwave Imaging sounders with the American SSMIS
MTVZA/GHz MTVZA-GY/GHz MTVZA-GY-MP/GHz SSMIS/GHz 瞬时视场
IFOV/km像元
/km极化 － － 6.9 － 135×302 32×2 V, H － 10.6 10.6 － 89×198 32×32 V, H 18.7 18.7 18.7 19.35 52×116 32×32 V, H 22.238 23.8 23.8 22.235 42×94 32×32 V, H(V) 33 31.5 31.5 － 35×76 32×2 V, H 36.5 36.7 36.7 37 30×67 32×32 V, H 42 42 － － 26×60 32×32 V, H 48 48 － 50.3 24×43 32×32 V(H) － － 52.3 52.8 21×48 32×32 V(H) 52.8 52.8 52.8 53.596 21×48 48×48 V(H) 53.3 53.3 53.3 54.4 21×48 48×48 V(H) 53.8 53.8 53.8 55.5 21×48 48×48 V(H) 54.64 54.64 54.64 57.29 21×48 48×48 H(RC) 55.63 55.63 55.63 59.4 21×48 48×48 H(RC) 57.290344±
0.3222±0.157.290344±
0.3222±0.157.290344±
0.3222±0.160.792668±
0.357892±0.05021×48 48×48 H(RC) 57.290344±
0.3222±0.0557.290344±
0.3222±0.0557.290344±
0.3222±0.0560.792668±
0.357892±0.01621×48 48×48 H(RC) 57.290344±
0.3222±0.02557.290344±
0.3222±0.02557.290344±
0.3222±0.02560.792668±
0.357892±0.00621×48 48×48 H(RC) 57.290344±
0.3222±0.0157.290344±
0.3222±0.0157.290344±
0.3222±0.0160.792668±
0.357892±0.00221×48 48×48 H(RC) 57.290344±
0.3222±0.00557.290344±
0.3222±0.00557.290344±
0.3222±0.00560.792668±0.357892 21×48 48×48 H(RC) － － － 63.283248±0.285271 14×30 16×16 (RC) 91.655 91.655 91.655 91.655 9×21 32×32 VH － － － 150±1.25 9×21 32×32 (H) 183.31±7.0 183.31±7.0 183.31±7.0 183.31±6.6 9×21 32×32 V(H) 183.31±3.0 183.31±3.0 183.31±3.0 183.31±3.0 － － V(H) 183.31±1.0 183.31±1.0 183.31±1.0 183.31±1.0 － － V(H)
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表 6 全极化微波辐射计的比较
Table 6. Comparison of fully polarized microwave radiometers
载荷 天线尺寸/m 发射时间 频率/GHz：极化方式 轨道 WindSat 1.83 2003 6.8，23.8：V，H；
10.65，18.7，37.0：V，H，P，M，L，R极轨 FPMR 1.8 2016 6.8，23.8：V，H；
10.65，19.35：T3，T4
37.0：V，H，P，M，L，R极轨 COWVR 0.75（小卫星） 2022 10.65，18.7，33.9：V，H，P，M，L，R 51.6°倾角中低轨 MWI WSF-M 1.8 2024 23.8，37.3，89：V，H
10.85，18.85，36.75：V，H，T3，T4极轨 CIMR 7.0 2028 1.4135，6.875，10.65，18.7，36.5：
V，H，P，M，L，R极轨
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表 7 微波波段的名称及频率范围
Table 7. Microwave band name and frequency range
名称 频率范围
/GHz名称 频率范围
/GHzP波段 0.3～1 Q波段 30～50 L波段 1～2 U波段 40～60 S波段 2～4 V波段 50～75 C波段 4～8 E波段 60～90 X波段 8～12 W波段 75～110 Ku波段 12～18 F波段 90～140 K波段 18～27 G波段 140～220 Ka波段 37～40 R波段 220～325
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表 8 国际电联ITU推荐的被动微波遥感通道
Table 8. Passive microwave remote sensing channels recommended by ITU
频段/GHz 带宽需求/MHz 谱线或中心频率/GHz 测量参数 扫描方式 1.37～1.4 s, 1.4～1.427 P 100 1.4 土壤湿度、海洋盐度、海面温度、
植被指数N 2.64～2.65 s, 2.655～2.69 s, 2.69～2.7 P 45 2.7 土壤湿度、海洋盐度、植被指数 N 4.2～4.4 s, 4.95～4.99 s 200 4.3 海面温度 N 6.425～7.25 200 6.85 海面温度 N 10.6～10.68 p, 10.68～10.7 P 100 10.65 雨率、雪水当量、冰形态、海况、
海面风N 15.2～15.35 s, 15.35～15.4 P 200 15.3 水汽、雨率 N 18.6～18.8 p 200 18.7 雨率、海况、海冰、水汽、海面风、
土壤发射率和湿度N 21.2～21.4 p 200 21.3 水汽、液水 N 22.21～22.5 p 300 22.235 水汽、液水 N 23.6～24 P 400 23.8 水汽、液水、大气探测相关通道 N 31.3～31.5 P, 31.5～31.8 p 500 31.4 海冰、水汽、溢油、云、液水、表面温度、50～60 GHz的参考窗区通道 N 36～37 p 1000 36.5 雨率、雪、海冰、云 N 50.2～50.4 P 200 50.3 大气温度廓线的参考窗区通道
（表面温度）N 52.6～54.25 P, 54.25～59.3 p 6700 多个频点 大气温度廓线（氧气吸收线） N 86～92 P 6000 89 云、溢油、冰、雪、雨、118 GHz附近温度探测的参考窗区 N 100～102 P 2000 100.49 N2O, NO L 109.5～111.8 P 2000 110.8 O3 L 114.25～116 P 1750 115.27 CO L 115.25～116 P, 116～122.25 p 7000 118.75 大气温度廓线（氧气吸收线） 148.5～151.5 P 3000 150.74 N2O、地表温度、云参数、
温度探测的参考窗区N, L 155.5～158.5 p 3000 157 地表和云参数 N 164～167 P 3000 164.38, 167.2 N2O、云水和冰、雨、CO、ClO N, L 174.8～182 p, 182～185 P, 185～190 p, 190～191.8 P 17000 175.86, 177.26, 183.31, 184.75 N2O、水汽廓线、O3 N, L 200～209 P 9000 200.98, 203.4, 204.35,
206.13, 208.64N2O、ClO、水汽、O3 L 226～231.5 P 5500 226.09, 230.54, 231.28 云、湿度、N2O（226.09）, CO（230.54）, O3（231.28）, 参考窗区 N, L 235～238 p 3000 235.71, 237.15 O3 L 250～252 P 2000 251.21 N2O L 275～277 2000 276.33 NO, N2O（276.33） L 294～306 12000 301.44 NO, N2O（301.44）, O3, O2, HNO3, HOCl N, L 316～334 18000 325.15 水汽廓线（325.15）, O3, HOCl N, L 342～349 7000 345.8, 346 CO（345.8）, HNO3, CH3Cl, O3, O2, HOCl N, L 363～365 2000 364.32 O3 L 371～389 18000 380.2 水汽廓线 N 416～434 18000 425 温度廓线 N 442～444 2000 443 H2O, O3, HNO3, N2O, CO N, L 496～506 10000 498.1, 498.2, 498.3, 498.4, 498.5, 498.6 O3, CH3Cl, N2O, BrO, ClO,
水汽廓线N, L 546～568 22000 557 水汽廓线 N, L 624～629 5000 624.27, 624.34, 624.77,
625.37, 625.92, 627.18,
627.77, 628.46HCl, BrO, O3, HCl, SO2, H2O2 L 634～654 20000 635.87, 642.85, 647.2,
649.45, 649.7, 650.28,
650.73, 651.77, 652.83CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO,
水汽, N2O, BrO, O3N, L 659～661 2000 660.49 BrO L 684～692 8000 688 ClO, CO, CH3Cl L 730～732 2000 731 O2, HNO3 L 851～853 2000 852 NO L 951～956 5000 952, 955 O2, NO L 注 P表示首选频段，只能与被动服务共用；p也表示首选频段，但是可以与主动服务共用；s表示次要分配频段。N表示天底观测， L表示临边观测。
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表 9 已经完成的星载THz辐射计卫星
Table 9. Completed spaceborne THz radiometer satellites
载荷/平台
名称发射时间 国家/机构 科学目标 频段/GHz 备注 UARS-MLS 1991 NASA 地球 63，183，205 第一个超外差接收机，高分辨率平流层成分光谱仪 SWAS 1998 NASA 天文学 490，550 第一台亚毫米波超外差仪器：水、氧气和CO Odin 2001 瑞典 天文学和地球 118，490～500，
540～580使用斯特林制冷的超外差空间/地球探测仪 MIRO 2004 ESA 彗星 188，560 第一个亚毫米波行星探测卫星，超外差接收机，测量水、CO、NH3和CH3OH Aura-MLS 2004 NASA 地球 118，190，240，
640，2520第一个THz超外差任务：臭氧和气候变化 Herschel 2009 ESA 天文学 480～1900，
1500～5000超外差和直接检波接收机，制冷望远镜，多台仪器 Planck 2009 ESA 天文学 30～70，100～850 高低频率探测宇宙背景 SMILES 2009 日本 地球 625～650 第一台超导超外差接收机的地球观测
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表 10 地球大气临边探测仪指标对比
Table 10. Comparison of specifications of spaceborne limb detectors of the Earth
临边探
测仪探测
频率/GHz系统噪声
温度/K频谱仪
带宽/MHz频谱
分辨率/MHz积分
时间/s扫描
范围/km垂直
分辨率/kmAura/MLS 118, 190, 240, 640, 2500 1200, 900～1100, 1200～1600, 4000～4400, 11000～18000 1300, 190, 10, 500 6～96, 6～32, 0.15, 500 0.16 2～60 1.5～6 JEM/SMILES 625, 650 < 700 1200 1.4 0.5 10～60 3.5～4.1 SIW 655 1000～1200 8000 1 0.5 10～90 5 SMILES-2 638, 763, 1830, 2060 150, 180, 990, 990 8000, 6000, 1000, 1000 0.5 0.25 20～200 1.9
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表 11 AMSR/AMSR-E的标准数据定义
Table 11. Standard product definition for AMSR/AMSR-E
名称 定义 L1 A 测量的工程量，即仪器输出电压，或者数码值。同时还包括可供高级数据产生的必要信息，包括卫星姿态和仪器条件。数据不是图像形式，但是以刈幅格式存储 L1 B 测量的亮温。同时包括地理位置和数据质量信息。数据不是图像形式，但是以刈幅格式存储。也可以给出图形数据 L2 空间分辨率一致的重采样亮温数据和由反演算法反演的地物参数。同时包括地理位置和数据质量信息。数据不是图像形式，但是以刈幅格式存储。也可以给出图形数据 L3 投影在全球网格上的、时间和空间平均的地物参数值。对于AMSR/AMSR-E，产生亮温和地物参数的日平均和月平均全球网格图像
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