小行星探测历史及启示
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.01.2024-yg02 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.01.2024-yg02
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魏思佳：女, 2000年12月出生于陕西省汉中市. 现为中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所硕士研究生, 行星化学专业. E-mail: weisijia23@mails.ucas.ac.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
History and Implications of Asteroid Exploration
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摘要: 自1989年美国Galileo探测器在探测木星的途中顺访了小行星951 Gaspra和243 Ida起, 小行星探测已经逐渐成为各主要航天国家深空探测的重点目标之一. 过去30年, 小行星探测任务从飞掠探测到专访探测再到采样返回, 探测类型愈加丰富, 并逐步从单纯的科学探测发展到小行星防御与资源利用. 中国预计在2025年发射天问二号, 同时计划开展首次小行星防御任务. 在此背景之下, 本文详细分析了迄今为止小行星探测任务的历程、科学目标、科学载荷配置以及主要研究成果, 并重点研究了日本Hayabusa和Hayabusa 2任务及美国OSIRIS-REx任务的样品储存管理、分配经验和返回样品实验室初步分析流程, 以期对中国未来小行星探测任务的设计和实施提供参考. 设计低成本、多频次采样返回任务; 统筹任务规划, 注重加强任务之间的配合; 加强科学团队建设是更好地规划中国未来小行星探测任务的要点.Abstract: Since 1989, the Galileo spacecraft has passed asteroids 951 Gaspra and 243 Ida on its journey to Jupiter, with asteroid exploration gradually becoming a crucial aspect of deep space exploration for major aerospace nations. Over the past three decades, the asteroid exploration has evolved from mere flybys to targeted explorations, and eventually to sample return missions. During the process, the types of targets have become more diverse, and the objectives have shifted from purely scientific exploration to asteroid defense and resource utilization. In 2025, China plans the Tianwen-2 asteroid exploration mission and its first asteroid defense mission. To better serve China’s future missions, this paper reviews the asteroid exploration history, their scientific goals, payloads, and scientific contributions. For sample return missions, a detailed review of sample storage and distribution management was provided, as well as the preliminary ground laboratory analysis of Hayabusa and Hayabusa 2, and OSIRIS-REx missions. Planning low-cost, high-freguency sample-return missions, reinforcing mission collaborations,and establishing scientific design teams can better serve China’s future asteroid explorations.
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图 1 1900－2022年发表月球(a) 和小行星(b) 相关的研究论文数量前十位的国家
Figure 1. Top ten countries published research papers related to the Moon (a) and asteroids (b) from 1900 to 2022
图 3 小行星探测历史(USA-美国, ESA-欧洲航天局, CHN-中国, JPN-日本, GER-德国)
Figure 3. History of asteroid exploration (USA-America, ESA-European Space Agency, CHN-China, JPN-Japan, GER-Germany)
图 4 顺访(灰色)、专访(粉色) 和计划(绿色) 任务中小行星的轨道位置、形状及相对大小
Figure 4. Orbital positions, shapes, and relative sizes of asteroids in fly-by (gray), targeted (pink), and future (green) missions
图 5 地外样品管理中心(ESCuC) 实验室(A/S-空气清洁)
Figure 5. Overall design of ESCuC labratory (A/S-Air cleaning)
图 8 Hayabusa 2样品数量、分配比例、分配时间
Figure 8. Sample quantity, distribution ratio and distribution schedule of Hayabusa 2
图 11 Hayabusa 2化学分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 11. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 Chemical Analysis team
图 12 Hayabusa 2岩石材料分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 12. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 stony material analysis team
图 13 Hayabusa 2砂粒材料分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 13. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 sandy material analysis team
图 14 Hayabusa 2挥发性成分分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 14. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 andy material analysis team
图 15 Hayabusa 2固体有机物分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 15. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 organic macromolecule analysis team
图 16 Hayabusa 2可溶性有机物分析团队初步分析流程
Figure 16. Preliminary analysis process of the Hayabusa 2 soluble organic analysis team
图 17 Phase-2 阶段中冈山大学行星科学材料研究所主导的Hayabusa 2样品分析流程
Figure 17. Hayabusa 2 sample analysis process led by the Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University in Phase-2
图 18 Phase-2 阶段日本海洋科学技术研究开发机构高知核心研究所主导的Hayabusa 2样品分析流程
Figure 18. Hayabusa 2 sample analysis process led by the Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Phase-2
表 1 近地小行星细分类型
Table 1. Subtypes of near-Earth asteroids
类型 定义 含义 Amors a > 1.0 AU
1.017 AU < q < 1.3 AU轨道位于地球轨道之外, 火星轨道之内 Apollos a > 1.0 AU
q < 1.017 AU轨道与地球轨道相交, 且轨道长半轴比地球长 Atens a < 1 AU
Q > 0.983 AU轨道长半轴小于1 AU, 且其中一部分与地球轨道相交, 并完全处于火星轨道之内 Atiras a < 1.0 AU
Q< 0.983 AU轨道完全位于地球轨道之内 注 a 为轨道长半轴, q 为近日点, Q 为远日点. 
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表 2 小行星光谱类型
Table 2. Asteroid spectral type
类型 Tholen
(1984)Gaffey
(1993)Bus and
Binzel (2002)Bus and
Demeo
(2009)光谱特征描述及Bus-Demeo分类光谱特征(基线代表相对反照率为1) 碳质
(C)B B B B B-反照率较高的C型, 1～2 μm范围呈线性偏
蓝, 约0.6 μm处为轻微的凸起
F F F-偏蓝的C型, 线性, 无明显吸收特征, 紫外线
区域吸收较强C
GC
GC C C-线性, 0.6 μm附近呈现轻微凸起, 长于1.3 μm呈红色
G-与C型相似, 具有较深的紫外线吸收
Cb Cb Cb-线性, 长于1.1 μm呈红色 
Cg Cg Cg-紫外区域特征微弱, 长于1.3 μm的略红 
Cgh Cgh Cgh-1 μm附近略红, 与Cg相似; 紫外区域特
征微弱, 0.7 μm附近存在较浅但宽的吸收带, 类
似于Ch型
Ch Ch Ch-紫外区域特征弱, 波长长于1.1 μm的略红,
0.7 μm附近存在较浅但宽的吸收带
石质
(S)S SI S S S-1 μm和2 μm处存在中等程度吸收特征, 不
同天体在2 μm处的吸收带深度不同
SII Sa Sa Sa-1 μm处存在较宽和较深的吸收带, 类似于
A型, 但斜率更小
SIII Sq Sq Sq-1 μm处存在较宽的吸收带, 与Q型相似,
1.3 μm处具有吸收特征
SIV Sr Sr Sr-1 μm和2 μm处存在吸收带, 相比于R型较
浅较窄
SV Sk Sv Sk-介于S型和K型之间, 长于0.75 μm的形状
为中等程度的上凸形状, 0.63 μm处的吸收特征
较S型强
SVI Sl Sl-介于S型和L型之间, 长于0.75 μm的光谱与
较L型为较浅到中等深度的吸收特征SVII — Sv-1 μm和2 μm处存吸收带, 相比于V型较浅
较窄X E E X X X-线性, 中红到偏红变化
E-反照率>0.3的X型, 略红, 无明显吸收特征
M M Xc Xc M-反照率介于0.1到0.3的X型
Xc-略红到中红, 形状略微弯曲并向下凹
P P Xe Xe P-反照率<0.1的X型, 略红
Xe-略红到中红, 短于0.55 μm处存在吸收特征
— — Xk Xk Xk-形状略微弯曲并向下凹, 0.8～1 μm范围
内存在吸收特征
其他 T T T T T-线性, 中红到偏红, 形状通常具有微弱的下
凹特征
D D D D D-线性, 偏红, 部分波长长于1.5 μm的较红,
部分可能形状略微弯曲
其他 — — Ld — Ld-短于0.7 μm的光谱紫外斜率较大, 长于
0.7 μm的逐渐平缓, 0.75 μm处反照率约为1.3,
与典型的D型相比, 斜率在0.44～0.7 μm范围内
通常较大, 在0.75～0.92 μm范围内更平缓— — L L L-0.7 μm左右的斜率从较大突然接近于0, 红
外波段形状下凹, 反照率最大值在1.5 μm左右,
可能存在2 μm的吸收特征
Q — Q Q Q-明显的1 μm吸收特征, 2 μm处的吸收带深
度不同
— — O O O-1 μm处的吸收光谱形状深且圆, 2 μm处存
在明显的吸收特征
R — R R R-1 μm和2 μm处存在明显的吸收特征,
1 μm处的吸收带窄于Q型, 略宽于V型
V — V V V-1 μm和2 μm处存在明显的较窄吸收带 
A — A A A-很红, 波长长于1 μm的光谱存在较深较宽
的吸收带, 2 μm附近可能存在较浅的吸收带
— K K K K-形状弯曲相对较少, 波长长于1 μm处存在
较宽的吸收带, 其波谷及左侧光谱的波峰较尖
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表 3 小行星顺访任务概况
Table 3. Overview of fly-by asteroid exploration missions
任务 国家/
组织主要探
测目标飞越小行星 轨道/
光谱类型发射时间 探测时间 相关科学载荷 Galieo 美国 木星 951 Gaspra
243 Ida主带/S
主带/S1989-10-18 1991-10-29
1993-08-28固体成像仪、近红外成像光谱仪 Cassini-Huygens 美国 木星 2685 Masursky 主带/S 1997-10-15 2000-01-23 Cassini成像科学分系统 Deep Space 1 美国 Tempel 1 9969 Braille 主带/Q 1998-10-24 1999-07-29 微型集成相机光谱仪、等离子体实验设备 Stardust 美国 81 P/Wild2 5535 Annefrank 主带/S 1999-02-07 2002-11-02 导航相机 Rosetta ESA 67 P 2867 Steins
21 Lutetia主带/E
主带/C/M2004-03-02 2008-09-05
2010-07-10紫外成像光谱仪、微成像尘埃分析系统、光学、光谱和红外远程成像系统、离子中子分析光谱仪、可见光和红外热成像光谱仪 New Horizons 美国 冥王星 486958
Arrokoth柯伊伯带/
未知2006-01-19 2019-01-01 远程侦察成像仪、可见/红外光谱仪、紫外光谱仪 嫦娥二号 中国 月球 4179 Toutatis 近地/S 2010-10-01 2012-12-13 星载监视相机
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表 4 小行星专访任务概况
Table 4. Overivew of specialized asteroid exploration mission
任务 国家 发射时间 探测目标 轨道/光谱
类型探测历程/计划 科学载荷 NEAR 美国 1996-02-17 253 Mathilde
433 Eros主带/C
近地/S1997年6月27日飞越小行星
253 Mathilde
2000年2月14日至2001年1月24日低轨
环绕探测253 Mathilde
2001年2月12日着陆433 Eros光谱成像仪、近红外成像光谱仪、X射
线/γ射线谱仪、NEAR激光高度计、磁力计Hayabusa 日本 2003-05-09 25143 Itokawa 近地/S 2005年9月12日到达预定轨道并进行环绕探测
2005年11月19日着陆25143 Itokawa
2010年6月13日成功降落在澳大利亚
沙漠小行星多波段成像相机、光学雷达、近红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、广域摄像机、四离子推进器 Dawn 美国 2007-09-27 4 Vesta
1 Ceres
(矮行星)主带/V
主带/C2011年7月16日至2012年9月5日环绕
探测4 Vesta
2015年3月7日至2018年6月环绕探测1 Ceres可见/红外光谱仪、X射线谱仪、γ射线/中子探测仪、分幅式相机 Hayabusa 2 日本 2014-12-03 162173 Ryugu
1998 KY26近地/C
近地/未知2018年6月27日抵达162173 Ryugu
2019年2月21日和2019年7月11日两
次接触采样
2019年4月5日释放撞击器, 计划在2026年飞越2001 CC21
2031年抵达1998 KY26可见/红外光谱仪、X射线谱仪、γ射线/中子探测仪、分幅式相机、小型携带撞击器、表面勘察着陆器 OSIRIS-REx 美国 2016-09-08 101955 Bennu 近地/C 2018年12月3日抵达
2020年10月20日成功采集样品
2023年9月24日返回地球相机套件、激光高度计、可见光/红外光谱仪、热红外光谱仪、风化层X射线成像光谱仪、触地即离样品采集设备 OSIRIS-
APEX美国 2023-10-31 99942 Apophis 近地/S 2023年探测器继续围绕太阳运行,
2029年近离环绕探测99942 Apophis与OSIRIS-REx相同 Lucy 美国 2021-11-16 152830
Dinkinesh主带/S 2023年11月1日飞越152830 Dinkinesh 远程勘测成像仪、光学/近红外光谱仪、热红外光谱仪 52246 Donaldjohanson 主带/C 2025年4月20日飞越52246 Donaldjo-hanson 3548
Eurybates特洛伊/C 2027年8月12日飞越3548 Eurybates及Queta Queta 特洛伊/C 15094
Polymele特洛伊/P 2027年9月15日飞越15094 Polymele 11351 Leucus 特洛伊/D 2028年4月18日飞越11351 Leucus 21900 Orus 特洛伊/D 2028年11月11日飞越21900 Orus 617 Patroclus 特洛伊/P 2033年3月3日飞越617 Patroclus和Menoetius Menoetius 特洛伊/P DART 美国 2021-11-24 65803
Didymos近地/S 2022年9月26日撞击65803 Dimorphos 光学导航相机、意大利小行星成像轻型立方星 Dimorphos 近地/S Psyche 美国 2023-10-13 16 Psyche 主带/M 2029年8月至2030年5月环绕探测
16 Psyche多光谱成像仪、磁强计、X波段无线电远程通信系统、γ射线和中子谱仪
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表 5 小行星未来任务概况
Table 5. Overview of future asteroid exploration mission
任务 国家/
组织计划
时间探测目标 轨道/光谱
类型探测计划 科学载荷 Hera ESA 2024 65083
Didymos近地/S 2026年12月至2027年6月详细环绕
探测65803 Didymos和Dimorphos小行星分幅相机、热红外成像仪、行星高度计、高分辨率多光谱成像仪、无线电科学实验设备 Dimorphos 近地/S Destiny+ 日本
德国2024 3200
Phaethon近地/C 预计4～5年时间达到3200 Phaethon远距离环绕轨道, 其后可能会对其他小行星进行探测 尘埃分析仪、望远镜照相、多波段相机 天问二号 中国 2025 469219 Kamo`oalewa 近地/未知 预计环绕探测469219 Kamo`oalewa约一年后采样返回 广角/窄角多光谱彩色相机、热发射光谱仪、可见光/近红外成像光谱仪、质谱仪、磁力计、带电/中性粒子及尘埃分析仪 311P 主带彗星 7年后到达311P并对其进行环绕
探测近地小行星防御任务 中国 2025 2019 VL5 近地/未知 2026年2月到达 征集中
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