月面原位水资源获取技术与发展趋势
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.02.2023-0006 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.02.2023-0006
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张鹏：男, 1981年3月出生于北京市, 现为中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为载人航天空间应用系统研制、月球探测新方法、月球探测大数据处理与集成技术和月球原位资源利用等. E-mail: zhangpeng@csu.ac.cn
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Research Progress of Lunar In-situ Water Production Techniques
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摘要: 随着深空探测活动的持续推进, 月球探测已成为开展行星际探测的重要部分. 月球原位资源利用是保障载人月球探测及月面长期驻留的关键技术途径, 中国已将月面原位水获取方法列为月球探测的关键技术之一. 月面原位水获取方法主要分为极区水冰勘探开采和月壤氢还原制水两种技术途径. 现有勘探到的水冰资源主要位于月球极区, 分布不均匀, 开采难度大. 目前研究提出了多种不同类型的极区水冰勘探开采方法, 但实际效果有待月面原位试验验证. 月壤加氢还原制水技术方法工作条件不受区域限制, 应用范围较广, 但仍存在反应条件要求高、能耗大等技术限制, 未来需在节能和有效矿物成分富集等方面有所突破.Abstract: With the continuous advancement of deep space exploration, lunar exploration will be the first step for mankind to carry out interplanetary exploration and expand living territory. The lunar in-situ resource utilization will be a key technical approach to support manned exploration and long-term survival on the Moon surface. Almost all space powers are carrying out continuous research on lunar in-situ water production technology, and China has also listed lunar surface in-situ water production as one of the key technologies for lunar exploration missions. Lunar in-situ water production can be mainly divided into two methods: polar water ice exploration/extraction and hydrogen reduction of lunar regolith. The water ice resources that had been detected are mainly located in the lunar polar region, with uneven distribution and great difficulty in extraction method. Many different types of polar water ice exploration and extraction schemes have been put forward, but the actual effect needs to be verified by sufficient verification experiments and the lunar in-situ test. Hydrogen reduction of lunar regolith can be used for in-situ water production, and its working conditions are not limited by the region, and its application scope is wide. However, there are some remaining technical limitations such as extreme reaction condition requirements and high energy consumption, which implies urgent demand to make breakthroughs in energy conservation and effective ingredient enrichment. Thus, according to the development strategy deployment of lunar exploration missions and the requirements of in-situ water resource acquisition technology in the future, some suggestions are put forward on developing the key development path of in-situ water resource acquisition technology in the future. Target areas for future exploration missions, in-situ energy acquisition scheme, security and reliability of different technologies will be used as the main basis for different technology selection. It is hoped that this work will provide guidance for in-situ resource utilization in future lunar exploration missions.
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图 2 极区水冰资源光热提取技术
Figure 2. In-situ extraction programs of extraterrestrial water ice resource
图 3 RESOLVE月球探测科学载荷及取样装置
Figure 3. RESOLVE lunar exploration scientific payload and its sampling equipment
图 5 钛铁矿(FeTiO3)氢还原制水装置样机
Figure 5. Prototype for hydrogen reduction of ilmenite to produce water
图 6 阿波罗11号样品(10084)不同类型样品颗粒的氢还原微观结构
Figure 6. Hydrogen reduction microstructures of different particles from Apollo 11 samples (Sample No. 10084)
图 7 美国约翰逊航天中心模拟月壤氢还原制水实验装置
Figure 7. Experimental facility for water production by hydrogen reduction of lunar soils at Johnson Space Center
图 8 月壤氢还原制水技术流程
Figure 8. Diagrams of water production by hydrogen reduction of lunar soils
表 1 不同技术方案类型氢还原反应器的对比分析
Table 1. Comparative analysis of hydrogen reduction reactors with different technical schemes
固定反应床 移动反应床 气流反应床 液化反应床 气固反应
适应性不适合连续处理; 分批处理生成产物不均匀 低粉末含量微粒较为均匀; 反应器容量较大 反应速度快, 回收利用未反应粉末困难 颗粒尺寸分布没有特殊要求; 可能存在大量粉末; 连续处理生成均匀粉末 温度分布 由于放热反应存在过热点风险 通过高速固体循环和气体流动将温度梯度控制在允许范围内 可通过高速固体循环将轴向温度梯度约束在允许范围内 高固体混合确保温度分布均匀; 通过侵入床内的热交换器或通过增减固体控制温度 热控设计 换热不良、热传输限制扩展 固体热容大导致换热不良; 通过固体循环进行大量热传输 介于液化床和移动床
之间高效传热, 固体热传导效率高 月壤颗粒尺寸 颗粒尺寸8～20 μm, 分布均匀, 无粉末 颗粒尺寸2～6 mm, 分布均匀, 无粉 颗粒尺寸0.02～6 mm, 分布分散 颗粒尺寸0.02～0.5 mm, 分布集中 
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