基于银川电离层垂测仪电子浓度反演的一次强电离层暴观测
doi: 10.11728/cjss2024.05.2023-0148 cstr: 32142.14.cjss2024.05.2023-0148
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韩思佳 女, 1994年12月出生于内蒙古自治区包头市. 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心在读博士研究生, 主要研究方向为电离层探测技术、电子浓度反演等. E-mail: hansijia18@mails.ucas.ac.cn -
郭伟 男, 1967年7月出生于吉林省长春市. 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员、博士生导师, 主要研究方向为电离层探测技术, 主、被动雷达系统设计与研制, 目标信息获取与处理, 微波遥感器测试与定标等. E-mail: guowei@nssc.ac.cn
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Observation of a Strong Ionospheric Storm Based on Electron Density Inversion of Yinchuan Vertical Ionosonde
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摘要: 根据银川电离层垂测仪的回波数据, 采用脉冲压缩技术, 使用Bernoulli映射序列对发射信号进行编码, 解决实际探测中回波信号混合强杂波干扰的问题, 从而获得高质量频高图. 为从图中提取电离层的关键信息, 将信号处理问题转换成计算机视觉中的语义分割任务, 构建原始频高图数据集, 并进行离散化和人工标注等预处理. 通过训练cGAN神经网络分析得到频高图中各层回波的特征参数, 达到分割不同描迹的目的. 采用改进式国际参考电离层底部反演模型和NeQuick顶部模型对垂测仪上空的电子浓度剖面进行反演, 根据张衡一号卫星的实测数据对顶部的计算结果进行修正. 通过将计算得到的总电子浓度与CDDIS公开的数据结果对比, 验证了垂测仪数据的准确性. 在此基础上, 结合高沙窝磁通门的地磁数据, 垂测仪于2023年4月23－24日的大地磁暴期间成功观测到电离层异常变化的全过程并给出了总电子浓度变化结果, 为探究中国西部电磁环境变化提供准确可靠的观测数据.Abstract: This study is based on the echo data from the Yinchuan vertical ionosonde. The ionosonde supports scanning in the frequency range from 1 to 30 MHz, with a distance resolution of 1.5 km and a reception window ranging from 67.5 km to 560.1 km. It utilizes pulse compression technology and encodes the transmission signal using Bernoulli mapping sequences, successfully resolving the issue of echo signal mixture with strong clutter interference in practical detection, thus obtaining Ionograms of high quality. In order to extract key information of ionosphere from the ionograms, the signal processing problem is transformed into a semantic segmentation task in computer vision, constructing an original ionograms dataset, and undergoing preprocessing such as discretization and manual annotation. By training a cGAN neural network to analyze the characteristic parameters of each layer’s traces in the ionograms, the goal of segmenting different traces is achieved. The network is suitable for processing various types of ionograms under calm conditions, with an accuracy rate of over 95%, effectively saving time in manual parameter measurement and improving processing efficiency. An improved bottom inversion model of the International Reference Ionosphere and the NeQuick top model is used to invert the electron density profile above the ionosonde, while the top calculation results are corrected according to the actual measurement data from “CSES-1”. By comparing the total electron content calculated with the data results publicly available from CDDIS, the accuracy of the ionosonde data is verified. On this basis, combined with the geomagnetic data acquired by the Gaoshaowo magnetometer, the ionosonde successfully observed the entire process of ionospheric anomalies during the geomagnetic storm on 23–24 April, 2023, and provided the results of the total electron content changes, offering accurate and reliable observational data for exploring the electromagnetic environment changes in western China.
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Key words:
- Vertical ionosonde /
- Bernoulli map code /
- cGAN /
- Ionograms /
- Electron density inversion /
- Magnetic storm observation
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图 2 垂测仪硬件组成部分. (a) Delta天线, (b)操作主机
Figure 2. Field deployment of the vertical ionosonde. (a) Delta antenna, (b) operations master
图 3 两种编码在不同反射频率下的自相关函数对比
Figure 3. Comparison of the two sequences ACFs at different frequencies
图 4 原始频高图及其对应的分类 (右列为经由cGAN网络分类提取的描迹)
Figure 4. Original ionograms and its corresponding classification graph (Trace extracted by cGAN network classification is listed on the right)
图 6 典型电子浓度剖面及日变化. (a)～(d) 经由朗缪尔探针修正电子浓度剖面, (e)当地总电子浓度日变化
Figure 6. Electron density profile and diurnal variation of typical ionograms. (a)～(d) modified electron density profiles via Langmuir probe, (e) diurnal variation of local TEC
图 7 Kp指数(a), 高沙窝磁通门地磁总场(b), 当地F2层临界频率(c), 总电子浓度(d)的变化情况
Figure 7. Variations of Kp index (a), total magnetic field value of Gaoshavo flux gate (b), critical frequency of F2 layer (c), and total electron content(d)
图 8 2023年4月23－25日电离层日变化频高图
Figure 8. Diurnal variation of the ionograms on 23－25 April 2023
表 1 银川电离层垂测仪系统参数
Table 1. Yinchuan vertical ionosonde system parameters
指标 参数 天线 Delta天线 传输峰值功率/W 500 编码类型 40位Bernoulli序列、
类巴克码、m序列码元时宽/μs 10 工作频率/MHz 1～30 步进频率/kHz 25, 50, 100 接收机带宽/kHz 100 IF/MHz 70 ADC采样/MHz 40 相干累积次数 100 探测距离/km 67.5～560.1 距离分辨率/km 1.5 探测时长/min 7.36, 3.68, 1.84 采样间隔/min 15 
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