微重力环境下超冷原子物理研究
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.01.2024-0174 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0174
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李琳 女, 1995年11月出生于山西省朔州市, 现为中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所助理研究员, 主要研究方向为空间冷原子物理、冷原子传感等. E-mail: linli@siom.ac.cn -
李唐 男, 1978年10月出生于安徽省宿州市, 现为中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间冷原子物理、冷原子传感等. E-mail: litang@siom.ac.cn
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刘亮 男, 1963年1月出生于上海市, 现为中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所研究员, 博士生导师. 主要研究方向为空间超冷原子物理、空间冷原子频标以及基于空间冷原子物理的精密测量. E-mail: liang.liu@siom.ac.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Research on Ultracold Atom Physics in Microgravity
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摘要: 中国空间站的发展和建成为微重力环境下超冷原子物理的研究及其应用提供了必要的实验条件. 2022年10月31日, 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所联合北京大学研制的中国空间站超冷原子物理实验柜 (简称超冷柜) 搭载梦天实验舱进入中国空间站. 超冷柜的主要目标是在中国空间站建成以87Rb 玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚(Bose-Einstein Condensate, BEC)为工作物质的超冷原子物理实验平台, 基于微重力环境优势利用两级交叉光束冷却 (Two-Stage Crossed Beams Cooling, TSCBC) 的实验方案获得皮–开尔文 (picoKelvin, pK) 量级的超冷原子, 在微重力环境下通过调控以及观察极低温超冷原子以发现新奇的物理现象. 本文介绍了BEC的实现和深度冷却实验方案, 以及微重力环境下超冷原子物理研究与应用领域所取得的一系列进展; 详细介绍了超冷柜的设计方案以及地面验证实验. 到目前为止, 超冷柜按照预期持续开展微重力环境下的超冷原子物理研究, 在轨连续运行时间超过2年, 取得了初步的实验结果, 实现了超冷柜作为微重力环境下超冷原子物理实验平台的主要目标.Abstract: The China Space Station (CSS) provides an ideal experimental platform for researching and applying ultracold atoms in microgravity. On 31 October 2022, the Cold Atom Physics Research Rack (CAPR) was launched to the CSS together with the Mengtian lab module, designed by the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIOM) and Peking University. The main goal of the CAPR is to build an ultracold atomic physics experiment platform using 87Rb Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC) in the CSS. In microgravity, ultracold atoms can be cooled to picokelvin (pK) via Two-Stage Crossed Beams Cooling (TSCBC), which is three orders of magnitude lower than on earth and can inspire the novel physical phenomena. The preparation of the BEC and the deep cooling are introduced in this paper, as well as a series of advancements in ultracold atoms in microgravity. The CAPR is an experimental platform that relies on evaporative cooling in a crossed optical dipole trap. Furthermore, the CAPR’s design scheme and ground verification experiment are also introduced. So far, the CAPR has continued to conduct research on ultracold atoms in microgravity, with more than two years of uninterrupted operation in orbit. Up to now, preliminary experimental results have been achieved, realizing the primary purpose of the CAPR.
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Key words:
- Bose-Einstein condensate /
- Ultracold atom /
- China Space Station (CSS) /
- Microgravity
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图 1 NIST首次基于磁阱获得BEC的实验装置
Figure 1. Apparatus of the NIST was the first to prepare Bose-Einstein condensation in the magnetic trap
图 3 德国马普所实现BEC的原子芯片实验装置
Figure 3. Atom chip setup of the Max-Planck Institute for preparing the BEC
图 4 直接激光冷却制备 87Rb BEC实验方案
Figure 4. Experimental setup and procedure used to create the 87Rb BEC by laser cooling
图 8 不来梅落塔 (ZARM drop tower)以及BEC实验系统装置
Figure 8. ZARM drop tower facility in Bremen and its apparatus for BEC
图 9 不来梅落塔 (ZARM drop tower)以及Mach-Zehnder 干涉仪装置
Figure 9. ZARM drop tower and the Mach-Zehnder interferometry of a BEC
图 11 抛物线飞机的双物质波干涉仪
Figure 11. Dual matter-wave interferometer onboard the Novespace Zero-G aircraft
图 12 (a) 爱因斯坦电梯载荷. (b) 爱因斯坦电梯的加速度曲线. (c) BEC在微重力环境中TOF 50 ms之后的原子图像
Figure 12. (a) Schematic of the Einstein elevator and its payload for BEC. (b) The acceleration profile of the Einstein elevator. (c) Absorption image of the BEC with the TOF time of 50 ms
图 13 (a)安装于爱因斯坦电梯内部的原子干涉仪装置. (b)原子干涉仪原理
Figure 13. (a) Atom interferometer installed on the Einstein elevator. (b) The schematic diagram of the atom interferometer
图 14 天宫二号空间冷原子钟原理
Figure 14. Principle and structure of the space cold atom clock in Tiangong-2 laboratory
图 15 星载BEC干涉仪装置以及原理
Figure 15. Set-up for space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation for precision interferometry
图 16 基于探空火箭实现的空间物质波干涉图样的实验和模拟结果
Figure 16. Experimental and simulated spatial matter-wave fringes on the sounding rocket
图 18 CAL在地面和国际空间站获得的87Rb玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚
Figure 18. BEC production in CAL on the Earth and in orbit
图 19 国际空间站获得的三维超冷原子气泡的演化
Figure 19. Evolution of the 3D ultracold atomic bubbles in the ISS
图 20 国际空间站上基于原子芯片装置精确转移量子气体的原理
Figure 20. Principle of the precision transfer of the quantum gas in orbit based on the atom-chip apparatus onboard the ISS
图 21 国际空间站获得的双组分玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚
Figure 21. Dual-species of Bose-Einstein condensates in the ISS
图 23 (a)空间站上的原子干涉仪装置, (b) Mach-Zehnder干涉原理, (c) Ramsey原子干涉原理
Figure 23. (a) Atom interferometer setup onboard the ISS, (b) Mach-Zehnder interferometer diagram, (c) Ramsey atom interferometer diagram
图 24 中国空间站梦天实验舱空间冷原子微波钟装置
Figure 24. Schematic of the cold atom microwave clock in the Mengtian lab module of the CSS
图 25 中国空间站空间冷原子干涉框图及其装置
Figure 25. Space cold atom interferometer scheme and corresponding payload in the CSS
图 31 超冷原子物理实验柜780 nm激光系统与1064 nm细腰激光系统
Figure 31. All-fiber 780 nm and 1064 nm laser system for CAPR
表 1 微重力环境实验平台
Table 1. Experiment platform for microgravity
实验平台 微重力时间 微重力环境下工作时段(特征) 微重力水平/g 落塔 (Germany) 4.7 ～9.4 s 每天3次 10–5 抛物线飞机 22 s 每次飞行提供90个周期 10–2 探空火箭 6 min 单次飞行 10–5 爱因斯坦电梯 0.4 s 每天300次 5×10–3 落塔 (China) 3.5 s 每天2～4次 10–5 自由落体设施 2.2 s 每天15次 10–3 电磁弹射微重力实验装置 4 s 不少于每天50次 10–6 天宫二号 连续 2016年9月15日至2019年7月16日 10–4 国际空间站 连续 2018年5月21日至今 10–6 中国空间站 连续 2022年10月31日至今 10–6 
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