星载飞行时间系统中石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的性能对比仿真

徐鹏晖; 孔令高; 张爱兵; 麻继杰

doi:10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156

星载飞行时间系统中石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的性能对比仿真

doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0156

徐鹏晖^{1, 2,},
孔令高^{3, 1, ,},
张爱兵^{1, 2, 4,},
麻继杰^{1, 2,}

1.
中国科学院国家空间科学中心　北京　100190
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049
3.
南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院　苏州　215163
4.
天基空间环境探测北京市重点实验室　北京　100190

基金项目: 民用航天技术预先研究项目(D050103)和中国科学院空间科学战略性先导科技专项(XDA1535010202)共同资助

详细信息

作者简介:

徐鹏晖　男, 1996年10月出生于湖南省常德市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心博士研究生, 主要从事空间粒子辐射探测、星载飞行时间系统的仿真与测试等方面的研究. E-mail: xupenghui19@mails.ucas.ac.cn

张爱兵　男, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事空间探测技术研究及载荷研制方面的研究. E-mail: zhab@nssc.ac.cn

麻继杰　男, 博士研究生, 主要从事火星空间环境粒子探测数据分析方面的研究. E-mail: majijie19@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:

孔令高　男, 1981年出生于安徽省明光市, 现为南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境探测技术研发及数据应用. E-mail: lgkong@nju.edu.cn

中图分类号: V524
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-11-05
- 修回日期: 2025-02-11
- 网络出版日期: 2025-02-12

A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System

XU Penghui^{1, 2
,},
KONG Linggao^{3, 1
, ,},
ZHANG Aibing^{1, 2, 4
,},
MA Jijie^{1, 2
,}

1.
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3.
Institute of Science and Technology for Deep Space Exploration, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163
4.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190

摘要

摘要: 在空间探测应用领域, 石墨烯薄膜因其低厚度特性, 成为一种受到研究者关注的新材料. 针对利用石墨烯薄膜替代碳膜作为星载薄膜式飞行时间(Time of Flight, TOF)系统中透射薄膜材料的应用情景, 采用粒子透射仿真软件SRIM和粒子光学仿真软件SIMION进行联用的方法, 进行石墨烯薄膜和碳膜在TOF系统中具体表现的计算机仿真模拟, 得到了飞行时间谱图、散斑分布与散角、探测效率等指标的对比结果. 仿真结果表明, 应用于星载TOF系统的石墨烯薄膜相比碳膜表现出更好的质谱分辨、更小的散斑半径和散角以及更高的探测效率, 表明使用石墨烯薄膜替代碳膜可明显提升薄膜式TOF系统的性能. 对该结论的进一步证明则需要对应的实验测试数据和结果. 相关结果可为后续对石墨烯薄膜进行实际测试以及其他相关研究提供参考.
- 空间粒子探测 /
- 薄膜式飞行时间系统 /
- 碳膜 /
- 石墨烯薄膜 /
- SRIM /
- SIMION
Abstract: Recently, graphene foils are considered a promising material for space detection applications due to their minimal thickness. For comparing the specific performance of graphene and carbon foils in film-type Time-of-Flight (TOF) systems, a detailed computer simulation in a definite TOF system is conducted by integrating SRIM, the particle transmission simulation software, with SIMION, the particle optical simulation software. TOF simulation results focused on various aspects of TOF system performance are obtained, such as TOF spectra, scattering distribution, scattering angle, and detection efficiency. These parameters of the TOF system provide reference to the ability of mass spectrometric differentiation and simulation results show that graphene foils applied to the satellite-borne TOF system have higher spectral resolution, shorter scattering radius, lower scattering angle, and higher detection efficiency compared to carbon foils. Graphene’s better performance is derived from its lower thickness, which causes less scattering during ion transmission into graphene. These findings indicate that using graphene foils instead of carbon foils can improve the performance of film-type TOF systems. Further validation of this conclusion requires corresponding experimental test data and results. The conclusion can be referred to the practical testing of graphene foils and other related research, which can make progress for the final practical facilitation of graphene on in-flight TOF systems.
- Space particle detection /
- Film-type TOF system /
- Carbon foils /
- Graphene /
- SRIM /
- SIMION

HTML全文

图 1 仿真使用的TOF系统设计(侧面剖面)

Figure 1. Design of the TOF system used in simulation (cross section view)

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图 2 粒子飞行轨迹

Figure 2. Trajectories of particles

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图 3 20 keV Ar⁺在石墨烯薄膜和碳膜中散射的SRIM仿真结果. (a)石墨烯薄膜的侧面视角, (b)石墨烯薄膜的背面视角, (c)碳膜的侧面视角, (d)碳膜的背面视角. (a)(c)横坐标为薄膜深度, 纵坐标为与入射点的水平偏移; (b)(d)坐标平面为与薄膜平行的平面, 白点分布为入射粒子轨迹分布

Figure 3. SRIM results of 20 keV Ar⁺ scattering in graphene and carbon foils. (a) Side view of graphene, (b) back view of graphene, (c) side view of carbon foil, (d) back view of carbon foil. In (a) and (c), the horizontal axis represents film depth and the vertical axis shows horizontal offset from the incident point. In (b) and (d), the coordinate plane is parallel to the film surface, with white dots indicating the distribution of incident particle trajectories

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图 4 15 keV O⁺的TOF峰形仿真结果. 灰色柱状图为仿真输出结果的统计分布, 黑色曲线为拟合曲线

Figure 4. TOF spectra of 15 keV O⁺ from simulation. The gray histogram represents the statistical distribution of simulation outputs, while the black curve denotes the fitting result

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图 5 图4中联用方法对应的出射粒子能量分布. 灰色柱状图为仿真输出的出射的粒子能量结果的统计分布, 黑色直线为入射能量

Figure 5. Energy distribution of the transmission particles in Fig. 4. The gray histogram displays the statistical distribution of transmission particle energies from simulation, while the black vertical line indicates the incident energy

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图 6 石墨烯薄膜和碳膜在20 keV产生的飞行时间谱对比. 黑灰色柱状图为离子的仿真结果统计分布, 黑色曲线为拟合曲线

Figure 6. TOF spectra of 20 keV from graphene and carbon foils. The dark gray histogram represents the statistical distribution of ion simulation results, while the black curve denotes the fitting result

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图 7 不同种类粒子的t_c-E拟合曲线

Figure 7. t_c-E relationship for different particles

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图 8 质量相对误差对离子能量的依赖性

Figure 8. Dependence of mass relative error on E

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图 9 石墨烯薄膜在20 keV产生的散斑等高线

Figure 9. Contours of 20 keV from graphene foils

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图 10 碳膜在20 keV产生的散斑等高线

Figure 10. Contours of 20 keV from carbon foils

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图 11 石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的散斑半径统计结果

Figure 11. Scattering radius of graphene and carbon foils

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表 1 由两种仿真方法和文献[7]实测数据得到的t_c的对比

Table 1. Comparison of t_c derived from two simulation methods and experimental data in Ref. [7]

方法	t_c (H⁺) /ns	t_c (O⁺) /ns	t_c (${\mathrm{O}}_2^+ $) /ns	t_c (${\mathrm{CO}}_2^+ $) /ns
文献值	16.56	79.13	129.25	148.88
联用方法值^*	14.36	76.37	117.58	145.10
单用方法值^*	14.19	69.40	－	－
注　联用方法值和单用方法值的t_c是通过式(1)消除了不同的d和E的影响得到的. 由于缺乏相关文献数据进行初始设置, 单用方法无法对${\mathrm{O}}_2^+ $和${\mathrm{CO}}_2^+ $进行仿真, 因此数据暂缺.

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表 2 图6谱图分析结果

Table 2. Analysis of Fig. 6

离子种类	石墨烯薄膜		碳膜
离子种类	t_c /ns	FWHM /ns	t_c /ns	FWHM /ns
H⁺	16.45	0.14	17.07	0.59
N⁺	79.55	1.99	86.36	7.37
O⁺	85.35	1.84	92.87	7.72
Ar⁺	139.20	3.29	162.88	31.49

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表 3 拟合反演相对原子质量的结果对比

Table 3. Contrast of derived relative atomic mass

离子种类	真实值/u	石墨烯薄膜反演结果/u	碳膜反演结果/u
H⁺	1.01	1.02	1.07
N⁺	14.01	14.69	16.93
O⁺	16.00	16.76	19.38
Ar⁺	39.95	42.05	54.23
注　u为相对原子质量单位, 1 u为碳原子质量的1/12, 即1 u=1.66×10^–27 kg.

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表 4 离子穿透石墨烯薄膜和碳膜后的散角

Table 4. Scattering angle of ions through graphene and carbon foils

E/keV	H⁺		N⁺		O⁺		Ar⁺
E/keV	石墨烯薄膜/(°)	碳膜/(°)	石墨烯薄膜/(°)	碳膜/(°)	石墨烯薄膜/(°)	碳膜/(°)	石墨烯薄膜/(°)	碳膜/(°)
10	5.17	11.47	12.80	48.74	13.56	51.91	19.00	57.24
13	5.00	9.33	10.23	40.50	11.20	43.47	16.30	52.70
15	4.81	8.30	9.15	36.37	9.69	38.98	13.76	50.94
20	4.70	6.68	7.45	27.15	7.74	27.71	11.01	45.59
25	4.66	5.86	6.64	22.68	7.01	23.48	9.77	40.00
30	4.65	5.46	6.09	19.09	6.33	20.31	8.41	35.55

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表 5 离子对石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的透过率

Table 5. Transmitting efficiency of ions through graphene and carbon foils

E/keV	H⁺		N⁺		O⁺		Ar⁺
E/keV	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/%	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/%	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)
10	99.98	99.94	99.91	94.53	99.93	92.90	99.99	69.87
13	99.99	99.95	99.96	97.38	99.98	96.48	99.99	85.38
15	99.99	99.96	99.98	98.14	99.98	97.68	100	90.99
20	99.99	99.98	99.98	99.24	99.99	99.07	100	96.96
25	99.99	99.99	99.99	99.61	99.99	99.52	100	98.85
30	99.99	99.99	99.99	99.78	99.99	99.72	100	99.52

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表 6 离子穿透石墨烯薄膜和碳膜后的TOF系统收集效率

Table 6. TOF system collecting efficiency of ions through graphene and carbon foils

E/keV	H⁺		N⁺		O⁺		Ar⁺
E/keV	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)	石墨烯薄膜/(%)	碳膜/(%)
10	99.74	98.27	93.83	61.72	93.08	57.08	91.95	25.39
13	99.83	99.08	95.97	73.05	95.49	69.22	95.52	43.16
15	99.88	99.29	96.96	78.27	96.37	74.47	96.78	52.45
20	99.94	99.61	97.88	86.16	97.71	83.84	98.17	68.18
25	99.96	99.74	98.63	90.61	98.49	88.91	98.81	77.59
30	99.96	99.81	99.03	93.11	98.80	91.87	99.26	84.01

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表 7 灵敏度比值和计数相对误差比值

Table 7. Ratio of sensitivity and ratio of relative count error

E/keV	H⁺		N⁺		O⁺		Ar⁺
E/keV	G_C/G_G/(%)	δ_G/δ_C/(%)	G_C/G_G/(%)	δ_G/δ_C/(%)	G_C/G_G/(%)	δ_G/δ_C/(%)	G_C/G_G/(%)	δ_G/δ_C/(%)
10	98.49	99.24	62.23	78.89	57.01	75.50	19.29	43.92
13	99.21	99.60	74.15	86.11	69.95	83.64	38.58	62.11
15	99.38	99.69	79.24	89.02	75.50	86.89	49.31	70.22
20	99.65	99.83	87.37	93.47	85.02	92.20	67.34	82.06
25	99.77	99.89	91.52	95.67	89.84	94.78	77.62	88.10
30	99.84	99.92	93.82	96.86	92.73	96.30	84.23	91.78

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星载飞行时间系统中石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的性能对比仿真

doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0156

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孔令高　男, 1981年出生于安徽省明光市, 现为南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境探测技术研发及数据应用. E-mail: lgkong@nju.edu.cn

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A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System

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星载飞行时间系统中石墨烯薄膜和碳膜的性能对比仿真

doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.03.2024-0156 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0156

通讯作者: 孔令高 男, 1981年出生于安徽省明光市, 现为南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境探测技术研发及数据应用. E-mail: lgkong@nju.edu.cn

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A Comparative Simulation Study of Graphene and Carbon Foils in Satellite-borne TOF System

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孔令高　男, 1981年出生于安徽省明光市, 现为南京大学深空探测科学与技术研究院教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间环境探测技术研发及数据应用. E-mail: lgkong@nju.edu.cn