空间天气探源计划(探冕计划)
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.04.2025-0060 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0060
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田晖 1982年8月出生于湖北蕲春, 北京大学地球与空间科学学院教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事太阳物理、恒星磁活动、空间极紫外探测等方面的研究, 在日冕加热机制和磁场测量原理、星冕物质抛射的搜寻和建模等方面取得了一系列研究成果. E-mail: huitian@pku.edu.cn
作者简介:
Coronal Explorer for Our Sun and Nearby Stars
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摘要: 空间天气探源计划(探冕计划)将在同一颗卫星平台上实现对太阳和晚型恒星的同步观测, 以揭示太阳系内外空间天气的源头——日冕和星冕的物理性质及爆发规律. 卫星拟工作在约720 km高度的太阳同步轨道, 同时对日冕和星冕开展长期、连续的观测. 通过搭载日面极紫外光谱仪、极紫外光谱日冕仪、恒星极紫外光谱仪、恒星极紫外测光望远镜等载荷, 该计划将在三个方面取得重要突破: 第一, 通过首次开展全日面视场的日冕光谱观测, 刻画日冕外流和爆发的源区特性, 推动太阳系空间天气的精准预报; 第二, 通过填补当前太阳系外极紫外探测的空白, 探明星冕爆发规律, 从而开拓太阳系外空间天气的新疆域; 第三, 通过对太阳和其他恒星同步开展点源极紫外探测, 并结合模型, 建立空间天气影响行星宜居性的新认知.Abstract: The first Extreme-Ultraviolet (EUV) space science mission is proposed to be launched in China, the Coronal Explorer for our Sun and nearby Stars (CESS), to explore the sources of space weather both within and beyond the solar system, specifically the solar and stellar coronae. The CESS mission is designed to observe the Sun and nearby late-type stars from a single satellite platform. The spacecraft will operate in an approximately 720 km altitude sun-synchronous orbit, enabling continuous and uninterrupted solar coronal observations. Simultaneously, observations of nearby stars will be achieved using an alt-azimuth mount for precise pointing and long-term tracking, facilitating continuous monitoring of stellar coronae. The primary scientific objects of this mission are as follows. (i) Characterize the physical properties of the source regions of solar coronal outflows and eruptions through full-disk EUV spectroscopy of the Sun. (ii) Fill the current observational gap in extrasolar EUV observations, detect stellar coronal eruptions through long-term EUV photometric and spectroscopic monitoring of the coronae of selected nearby late-type stars, and pioneer a new frontier in understanding extrasolar space weather (space weather in star-exoplanet systems). (iii) Explore the role of space weather in the formation of a habitable world through point-source EUV observations of the Sun and other stars, and provide crucial clues for addressing the profound question: are we alone in the universe. To fulfill these scientific goals, the spacecraft will be equipped with four key science payloads: an EUV solar-disk spectrometer (comprising a Sun-as-a-star spectrometer and a multi-slit spectrometer with a full-disk field of view), an EUV spectroscopic coronagraph, a stellar EUV spectrometer, and a stellar EUV photometer. The CESS mission will contribute to the precise prediction of space weather in the solar system, uncover the origin of exosolar space weather, and offer crucial clues for the search for potentially habitable worlds and extraterrestrial life.
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Key words:
- Extreme ultraviolet radiation /
- Solar corona /
- Stellar coronae /
- Space weather /
- Planetary habitability
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图 3 EUVE卫星观测的星冕极紫外光谱示例 (光谱分别来自两颗具有不同星冕温度的恒星)
Figure 3. EUV spectra of stellar coronae observed by EUVE (show coronal emission from two stars with different coronal temperatures, respectively)
图 4 通过多次狭缝扫描拼接而成的全日面Fe XIII 20.2 nm辐射强度(a)和视向速度(b)分布
Figure 4. Full-disk Fe XIII 20.2 nm mosaic maps of the line intensity (a) and Doppler velocity (b) constructed from multiple raster scans
图 5 Fe XII 19.5 nm谱线的辐射强度、多普勒速度、谱线展宽分布
Figure 5. EIS Fe XII 19.5 nm observations of intensity, velocity, and line width
图 6 太阳积分极紫外谱线观测的CME引起的多普勒频移和暗化
Figure 6. Doppler shifts and coronal dimming caused by CMEs in the Sun-as-a-srar EUV spectroscopic observations
图 7 极紫外波段观测到的太阳耀斑典型结构
Figure 7. Typical structures of solar flares in EUV observations
图 9 科学目标、探测内容与载荷的对应关系
Figure 9. Relationships between the scientific objectives, detection contents, and payloads
图 12 恒星极紫外光谱仪 (a) 和恒星极紫外测光望远镜 (b) 预期观测结果示例 (数据来自SDO/EVE)
Figure 12. Examples of expected observations from the stellar EUV spectrometer (a) and the stellar EUV photometer (b). Data from SDO/EVE
图 13 初步选取的候选恒星目标源在J2000坐标系下的位置信息
Figure 13. Positions of tentatively selected candidate stellar targets in the J2000 coordinate system
表 1 日面极紫外光谱仪主要技术指标
Table 1. Key technical specifications of the EUV solar-disk spectrometer
设备 多缝光谱仪 积分光谱仪 观测物理量 视向速度、密度、温度 视向速度、密度、温度 观测视场 ≥ 40′× 40′ ≥ Φ40′ 空间分辨率 ≤ 8″ — 狭缝视场 4″× 40′/条, 5条 — 观测波段 18.4 ～ 19.7 nm 17.0 ～ 20.5 nm, 25.5 ～ 29.0 nm, 94.0 ～ 109.0 nm 光谱分辨本领 ≥ 1000@19.5 nm ≥ 500@19.5 nm 时间分辨率 ≤ 300 s ≤ 60 s 
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表 2 极紫外光谱日冕仪主要技术指标
Table 2. Key technical specifications of the EUV spectroscopic coronagraph
观测物理量 速度、温度、密度 观测波段 94～109 nm 垂直狭缝方向视场 0～3 Rs (径向从1.3 Rs开始) 沿狭缝方向视场 –2 ～ 2 Rs 狭缝条数 5 狭缝宽度 不小于25″(50 μm) 探测器参数 像素大小25 μm × 25 μm, 面阵大小1024 × 2048 光谱分辨本领 Approximately 2000@103 nm 空间像元分辨率 7.5″/ pixel 时间分辨率 6 min
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表 3 恒星极紫外光谱仪主要技术指标
Table 3. Key technical specifications of the stellar EUV spectrometer
观测物理量 视向速度、密度、温度 观测视场 ≥ 5′ 空间分辨率 ≤ 40″ 观测波段 9.0～13.0 nm, 17.0～20.5 nm, 25.5～29.0 nm 光谱分辨本领 ≥ 1000@19.5 nm 有效面积 ≥ 20 cm2 时间分辨率 约60 min
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表 4 恒星极紫外测光望远镜主要技术指标
Table 4. Key technical specifications of the stellar EUV photometer
观测参数 辐射强度 观测视场 约5° × 5° 空间分辨率 ≤ 40″ 工作波段 9.4 nm, 12.9 nm, 17.4 nm, 28.4 nm 带宽 ≤ 1 nm 有效面积 ≥ 20 cm2 时间分辨率 约10 min
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