恒星掩星方法在大气氧气密度探测中的应用与进展
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.05.2025-0083 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0083
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李政 男, 1996年9月出生于浙江省丽水市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心工程师, 主要研究方向为临近空间飞行环境光电遥感探测技术. E-mail: lizheng182@mails.ucas.ac.cn -
吴小成 男, 1981年1月出生于安徽省合肥市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 硕士生导师, 主要研究方向为数据同化技术研究、掩星技术研究等. E-mail: xcwu@nssc.ac.cn
作者简介:
通讯作者:
Applications and Advances of Stellar Occultation Technique in Atmospheric Oxygen Density Measurement
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摘要: 临近空间大气氧气密度是研究地球大气结构、热力学特性和空间天气过程的关键参数, 对研究大气建模预报、空间目标轨道预测等具有重要科学和应用价值. 然而, 传统探测手段在垂直分辨率、全球覆盖和长期监测方面存在局限. 恒星掩星技术作为一种被动遥感方法, 通过分析日光或星光穿过大气时的吸收特征, 为氧气密度探测提供了解决方案. 该技术已发展出140～160 nm紫外舒曼龙格吸收带与760 nm红外A吸收带的双波段探测体系. 其紫外吸收带凭借强吸收特性适用于130 km以上高层大气探测, 而红外A波段通过高分辨率光谱分析实现了10～85 km范围内氧气密度、温度及气压的同步反演. 然而, 温度敏感性、星源信号强度等挑战仍需突破. 本文首次系统比较了紫外与红外波段在氧气探测中的互补优势, 分析了从OAO-2到GOLD等多代载荷的技术演进, 并对未来发展方向进行了展望. 该综述不仅为大气遥感研究提供了技术参考, 还揭示了双波段协同探测潜力, 为下一代大气探测任务的设计指明方向.Abstract: Density of atmospheric oxygen in the near space is a key parameter for studying the Earth’s atmospheric structure, thermodynamic properties, and space weather processes, offering significant scientific and practical value for studying atmospheric modeling and space object orbit prediction. However, traditional observation methods have limitations in vertical resolution, global coverage, and long-term monitoring. Solar and stellar occultation, as a passive remote sensing technique, provides a unique solution for oxygen density measurement by analyzing the absorption features of sunlight or starlight passing through the atmosphere. This technique has developed a dual-band detection system operating in the ultraviolet Schumann-Runge absorption bands (140～160 nm) and the near-infrared A-band (760 nm). The ultraviolet band, with its strong absorption characteristics, is suitable for probing the upper atmosphere above 130 km, while the infrared A-band enables simultaneous retrieval of oxygen density, temperature, and pressure within the 10～85 km range through high-resolution spectral analysis. Nevertheless, challenges such as temperature sensitivity and effects of lower atmospheric turbulence still need to be addressed. This paper for the first systematically compares the complementary advantages of ultraviolet and infrared bands in oxygen detection, outlines the technical evolution across multiple generations of instruments from OAO-2 to GOLD, and discusses future development directions. Not only does this review provide a technical reference for atmospheric remote sensing research, but it also highlights the potential of dual-band synergistic detection, offering guidance for the design of next-generation atmospheric observation missions.
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Key words:
- Stellar occultation /
- Oxygen density /
- Atmospheric remote sensing /
- Near space
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图 2 (a) 氧分子吸收截面, 150 nm紫外氧气SR连续吸收带, (b) 受温度影响较大的760 nm红外氧气吸收A带
Figure 2. Oxygen absorption cross-section: the 150 nm Schumann-Runge continuum absorption band (a) and the strongly temperature-dependent 760 nm oxygen A-band (b)
图 3 不同分子数对应有效吸收截面
Figure 3. Effective absorption cross-section as a function of molecular number density
图 4 有效吸收截面随温度的变化
Figure 4. Effective absorption cross-section as a function of temperature
图 8 一次典型的不同切线海拔ILAS掩日红外光谱测量
Figure 8. A typical ILAS occultation infrared spectral at different tangent altitudes
图 9 通过ILAS探测氧气得到的温度剖面与HALOE结果对比
Figure 9. Comparison of temperature profiles derived from ILAS oxygen measurements with HALOE results
图 11 GOMOS掩星探测结果与POAM结果对比
Figure 11. Comparison of GOMOS measurements with POAM results
图 12 (a) ALGOM氧气密度反演结果对ECMWF大气密度的比值, (b) GOMOS官方氧气密度反演结果对ECMWF大气密度的比值
Figure 12. (a) Ratio of ALGOM retrieved oxygen density to ECMWF air density, (b) ratio of GOMOS oxygen density product to ECMWF air density
图 14 掩星编号ss3004: MAESTRO与其他探测数据的温压探测结果与差异
Figure 14. Occultation ss3004: comparison of temperature/pressure profiles between MAESTRO and other measurements
图 15 掩星编号ss3004的预期系统、随机和总误差
Figure 15. Expected systematic, random, and total errors of occultation ss3004
图 16 搭载在国际空间站ELC-4区域 (a) 的SAGE III掩日仪 (b)
Figure 16. SAGE III solar occultation instrument (b) mounted on the International Space Station’s ELC-4 platform (a)
图 17 SAGE III以1 nm分辨率探测切点海拔20 km吸收光谱
Figure 17. SAGE III measured absorption spectra at 20 km tangent altitude with 1 nm spectral resolution
图 18 典型SAGE III温度探测结果对比
Figure 18. Comparison of a typical SAGE III temperature retrieval results
图 19 OAO-2卫星平台(a)与紫外望远镜系统(b)
Figure 19. OAO-2 satellite platform (a) and the ultraviolet telescope system (b)
图 20 OAO-2探测到的一次掩星事件归一化光强(a)及其氧气密度反演结果(b)
Figure 20. Normalized light intensity of an occultation event detected by OAO-2 (a) and its retrieved oxygen density profile (b)
图 22 从UVISI掩星中反演得到的氧气密度剖面(黑点表示单个剖面, 红线表示加权平均剖面及±1标准差范围)
Figure 22. UVISI retrieved O2 density (The black dots represent individual profiles, while the red line denotes the weighted average profile along with the ±1 standard deviation range)
图 24 GOLD观测的2019－2021冬至日25°S－25°N氧气密度曲线
Figure 24. GOLD detected oxygen profiles at 25°S－25°N during December solstices from 2019 to 2021
表 1 当前实施过氧气探测研究的掩星仪
Table 1. Occultation instruments that have conducted oxygen detection
探测波段 载荷名称 搭载卫星 实施机构 实施
年份轨道 探测方式 光谱分
辨率/nm其他主要探测内容 氧气探测高度/km 垂直分
辨率/km氧分子红外A吸收带 POAM II/III SPOT 3/4 NASA 1993/
1998太阳同步轨道, 倾角98°, 822 km 掩日光
度计－ 气溶胶,
O3, H2O, NO220～60 1～2 ILAS ADEOS MOEJ 1996 太阳同步轨道, 倾角98°, 800 km 掩日光
谱仪0.17 气溶胶, O3, H2O, 氮氧化物 10～60 1 GOMOS ENVISAT ESA 2002 太阳同步轨道, 倾角99°, 785 km 掩星光
谱仪0.2 O3, H2O, 氮氧化物, 气溶胶 15～80 1 MAESTRO SCISAT CSA 2003 近地轨道, 倾角74°, 650 km 低分辨率掩日光谱仪 2 O3, H2O, 氮氧化物 30～80 1～2 SAGE III ISS NASA 2017 近地轨道, 倾角52°, 420 km 掩日与掩
月光谱仪1.4 气溶胶, O3, H2O, 氮氧化物 10～85 1 氧分子紫外SR吸
收带Spectrometers OAO-2 NASA 1968 近地轨道, 倾角35°, 750 km 掩星光度计与光谱仪 0.5 天体光谱, 星际介质, O3 120～200 1.5 UVISI MSX JHU 1996 近地轨道, 倾角99°, 900 km 掩星光
谱仪0.5 空间碎片, 天体光谱, 气辉, 气溶胶, O3 130～200 1.5 GOLD SES-14 UCF 2018 地球静止轨道, 定点47.5° W, 35786 km 掩星光
谱仪0.2 电子密度, 气辉, O, N2, NO 130～200 5～10 
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