金星着陆器长寿命生存技术研究进展
doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.06.2024-0178 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2024-0178
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王虎军 男, 1986年2月出生于山东省威海市, 现为深空探测实验室总体技术研究院高级工程师, 主要研究方向为航天器热控设计和极端环境热控技术研究. E-mail: wang_hujun945@163.com
作者简介:
Research Progress on Long-lived Survival Technology of Venus Lander
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摘要: 金星是类地行星的重要组成部分, 金星的探测和研究对于理解行星的形成与演化、地球的宜居性及寻找系外宜居行星等具有重要的科学意义. 近年来, 欧洲及美、俄、印等国均计划在2030年前后开展新的金星探测任务. 金星表面高温、高压和腐蚀性的极端环境限制了人类对其的原位探索. 面向未来金星表面长时间探测的需求, 本文根据金星环境特点分析了着陆器长寿命生存面临的挑战, 从轻质抗高压结构设计、耐高温电子设备、能源系统和热控技术四个方面梳理了金星着陆器长寿命生存技术的研究进展, 给出了金星着陆器的设计建议, 为未来中国可能开展的金星着陆探测提供了参考.Abstract: Venus, as a major component of terrestrial planets, is of great scientific significance for exploration and research. Understanding Venus can enhance our knowledge of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets, the development of Earth's habitability, and the strategies for searching habitable exoplanets. Recently, Venus exploration has witnessed a resurgence, with Europe, the US, Russia, and India planning new missions around 2030. However, its infernal surface conditions, a scorching 462°C, crushing 9.3 MPa pressure (equivalent to 900 m underwater on Earth), and corrosive CO2 atmosphere laden with sulfuric acid aerosols, which have limited prior missions to mere hours of operation, exemplified by the Soviet Venera 13’s 127-minute survival record. To address the need for long-duration Venus surface missions, this paper analyzes the challenges of lander long-life survival based on Venus’s environment, i.e., energy acquisition and environmental adaptation. It reviews the research progress in four areas: lightweight pressure-resistant structures, high-temperature electronics, power systems, and thermal control technology, while offering design recommendations. Lightweight pressure-resistant structures, represented by honeycomb structures, lattice structures, and composite materials, show promise in effectively reducing the lander’s weight while maintaining structural integrity. High-temperature electronics, based on materials like Silicon Carbide (SiC), can significantly enhance the performance and service life of electronic devices in extreme heat. Efficient energy systems, including radioisotope Stirling generators and high-temperature batteries, are expected to supply stable power to the lander and lessen the energy system’s demand on thermal control resources. In terms of thermal control technology, building on high-performance heat storage and insulation materials, employing high-temperature Stirling cooling or compression cooling techniques can effectively tackle the heat dissipation issues for landers in high-temperature settings. The design recommendations outlined in this paper aim to provide valuable references for potential future Venus lander exploration missions, aiding in the development of more advanced and durable lander systems capable of withstanding Venus’s challenging environment for extended periods.
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Key words:
- Lander /
- Long-lived survival /
- High temperature electronics /
- Power system /
- Thermal control
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表 1 金星着陆器概况[9]
Table 1. Overview of the Venus lander
序号 着陆器名称 着陆日期 着陆点坐标 着陆点温度/℃ 着陆点压力/MPa 工作时长/min 1 Venera 7 1970-08-17 5°N, 351°E 475 9.2 23 2 Venera 8 1972-07-22 10.70°S, 335.25°E 470 9.0 50 3 Venera 9 1975-08-22 31.01°N, 291.64°E 455 8.5 53 4 Venera 10 1975-08-25 15.42°N, 291.51°E 464 9.1 65 5 Venera 11 1978-12-25 14°N, 299°E 452 9.26 95 6 Venera 12 1978-12-21 7°N, 294°E 468 9.36 110 7 Venera 13 1982-01-03 7.55°S, 303.69°E 457 8.9 127 8 Venera 14 1982-03-05 13.05°S, 310.19°E 470 9.4 57 9 Vega 1 1985-06-11 8.10°N, 175.85°E 467 9.5 56 10 Vega 2 1985-06-15 7.14°S, 117.67°E 463 9.1 56 11 Pioneer Venus 2 1978-12-09 32°N, 318°E (day) 约459 约9.45 67 
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表 2 放射性同位素电源性能
Table 2. Performance of radioisotope power source
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电池 LiAl-FeS2 Na-NiCl2 Na-S 工作温度/℃ 400～475 250～500 290～450 电压/V 1.73/1.33 2.58 2.08 比能量/(W·h·kg–1) 100 90～100 80～120
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表 4 常用于电子设备温控的相变材料的热物性
Table 4. Thermal physical properties of phase change materials commonly used for temperature control in electronic devices
序号 名称 密度/(kg·m–3) 潜热/(kJ·kg–1) 相变温度/℃ 1 LiNO3·3 H2O 1500 235 30 2 CH3COONa·3 H2O 1450 254 58 3 CaCl2·6 H2O 1710 191 29 4 Na2SO4·10 H2O 1490 254 32.4 5 石蜡类 (十八烷～二十八烷) 约810 244～254 28～61 6 聚乙二醇 1 212 190 66 7 硬脂酸 840 200 56 8 Ga-Sn 6010 78 20 9 Cerrolow-136 8600 91 57.8 10 Cerrobend 9400 33 70 11 H2O(冰) 917 335 0
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