地表和低层大气剧烈事件激发的波动在中高层大气中的传播

徐寄遥; 袁韦; 李钦增; 孙龙昌; 吴坤; 刘伟军

doi:10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0154

地表和低层大气剧烈事件激发的波动在中高层大气中的传播

doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0154 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0154

中国科学院国家空间科学中心太阳活动与空间天气全国重点实验室　北京　100190

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(42374205, 42374207)和国家重大科技基础设施子午工程项目共同资助

详细信息

作者简介:

徐寄遥　男, 1959年1月出生, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为中高层大气动力学、光化学, 以及辐射过程的探测方法、数值模拟、数据反演和分析方面的研究. E-mail: jyxu@spaceweather.ac.cn

中图分类号: P351.5, P356
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-01
- 修回日期: 2025-10-27
- 网络出版日期: 2025-10-27

Propagation of Waves in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Excited by Intense Events at the Earth’s Surface and in the Lower Atmosphere

State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190

摘要

摘要: 地表与低层大气中的剧烈事件激发的波动以声波和重力波的形式向中高层大气和电离层传播, 并对中高层大气及电离层产生显著影响. 此类事件为研究地球各圈层耦合的物理机制提供了典型样本. 本文回顾了肖佐教授等关于地震、台风等剧烈事件对电离层影响的观测与研究成果, 重点介绍了所建立的覆盖中国上空的双层气辉观测台网, 以及依托该探测系统, 针对火山爆发、台风和雷暴等事件激发的重力波在中高层大气与电离层中的传播特性及其效应开展的相关研究. 研究结果表明, 尽管火山爆发产生的重力波难以直接长距离、大范围地在中高层大气中传播, 但通过海–气相互作用可以实现长距离大范围的传播背景大气结构对重力波传播具有重要影响, 其中大气波导可支持重力波发生反常的长距离、大范围的传播; 中小尺度重力波虽难以直接上传至热层, 但二次波机制可有效促进重力波从中层大气向高层大气传播; 针对台风事件开展的研究, 为探究低层大气剧烈事件对高层大气和电离层的影响提供了直接的观测证据.
- 气辉 /
- 重力波 /
- 火山爆发 /
- 台风 /
- 雷暴 /
- 中高层大气 /
- 电离层 /
- 不规则体
Abstract: Severe events at the Earth’s surface and in the lower atmosphere—such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons, thunderstorms, and anthropogenic explosions—can excite various types of waves. These waves propagate into the middle/upper atmosphere and ionosphere in the form of acoustic and gravity waves, exerting significant impacts on these regions. Such events provide typical case studies for investigating the physical mechanisms of coupling between Earth’s various spheres. This paper reviews the observational and research findings of Professor Xiao Zuo’s team regarding the effects of severe events like earthquakes and typhoons on the ionosphere. The paper also highlights the establishment of a dual-layer airglow observation network over China and the utilization of this detection system to study the propagation characteristics and effects of gravity waves excited by events such as volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and thunderstorms in the middle/upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The research results reveal that although gravity waves generated by volcanic eruptions cannot propagate directly over long distances in the middle and upper atmosphere, they can achieve extensive and long-range transmission through ocean-atmosphere interactions. The background atmospheric structure plays a crucial role in gravity wave propagation, with atmospheric waveguides enabling anomalous long-distance propagation of gravity waves. Although small- to medium-scale gravity waves have difficulty directly propagating upward to the thermosphere, secondary wave mechanisms can effectively facilitate their propagation from the middle atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. Furthermore, studies on typhoon events provide direct observational evidence of how severe lower atmospheric events influence the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
- Airglow /
- Gravity waves /
- Volcanic eruptions /
- Typhoons /
- Thunderstorms /
- Middle and upper atmosphere /
- Ionosphere /
- Irregularity
注释:
Ethical Approval:
1) This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of Interests:
2) The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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图 1 双层气辉台网布局. (a) 探测高度约为87 km的 OH气辉台网, (b) 探测高度约为250 km的红光(OI 630 nm)气辉台网

Figure 1. Layout of the double-layer airglow observation network. (a) OH airglow network with a detection altitude of approximately 87 km, (b)red-line (OI 630 nm) airglow network with a detection altitude of approximately 250 km

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图 2 汤加火山引发的两种海波随时间演化的模拟结果^[19]. (a)大气压力波激发的海波, (b)汤加火山喷发直接引发的海波

Figure 2. Simulation results of two types of sea waves induced by the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption^[19]. (a) Sea waves excited by atmospheric pressure waves, (b) sea waves directly induced by the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption

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图 3 汤加火山喷发引发的两类海洋波动及其在中层顶区域激发的重力波^[19]. (a)气辉台网观测到的中层顶区域重力波及(b)大气压力波激发的海洋波动; (c)气辉台网观测到的中层顶区域重力波及(d)汤加火山喷发直接引发的海洋波动

Figure 3. Two types of ocean waves induced by the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption and the associated gravity waves generated in the mesopause region^[19]. (a) Gravity waves in the mesopause region observed by the airglow imager network and (b) ocean waves excited by atmospheric pressure waves; (c) gravity waves in the mesopause region observed by the airglow imager network and (d) ocean waves directly generated by the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption

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图 4 台风激发的重力波及其从对流层经平流层向中层顶和热层区域传播的观测结果^[21]. (a) OH气辉台网观测的中层顶区域重力波及其破碎, (b)OI 630.0 nm气辉台网观测的热层次级重力波, (c)ERA5再分析数据揭示的平流层重力波, (d)卫星观测的台风云系

Figure 4. Typhoon-generated gravity waves and their propagation from the troposphere through the stratosphere to the mesopause and thermosphere ^[21]. (a) Gravity waves and their breaking in the mesopause region observed by the OH airglow imager network, (b) secondary gravity waves in the thermosphere observed by the OI 630.0 nm airglow imager network, (c) stratospheric gravity waves revealed by ERA5 reanalysis data, and (d) the typhoon cloud system observed by satellite

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图 5 2013年10月第23号强台风菲特在10月4日产生的特殊波状等离子体泡. (a)海南台站观测结果, (b)广西台站观测结果^[23]

Figure 5. Special wavelike equatorial plasma bubbles generated by Typhoon Fitow (No.23) on 4 October 2013. (a) Observation results from Hainan station, (b) observation results from Guangxi station ^[23]

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