基于子午工程GNSS数据的中国电离层空间天气同化系统
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0182 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0182
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阿尔察 蒙古族, 1984年11月出生于内蒙古呼和浩特, 中国科学院国家空间科学中心研究员, 主要研究方向为电离层物理与空间天气. E-mail: aercha@nssc.ac.cn
作者简介:
An Ionospheric Space-Weather Data Assimilation System over China Based on Meridian Project GNSS Measurements
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摘要: 国家重大科技基础设施子午工程二期的建成并通过国家验收, 为电离层空间天气研究和业务应用提供了有力支撑. 基于子午工程GNSS观测, 构建了中国电离层空间天气新一代同化系统. 该系统依托子午工程及国际GNSS服务组织等85个稳定运行的观测台站, 融合GPS、GLONASS、北斗、伽利略四大GNSS系统多模观测数据作为驱动, 采用三维变分同化方法, 生成覆盖中国及周边区域(15°－55°N, 70°－140°E)的高精度空间天气业务化地图, 有效提升了对电离层扰动特征的精细化重构能力. 该同化系统可以提供网格点TEC、差分TEC、ROTI指数等电离层空间天气数据, 时空分辨率1°×1°×15 min, 并在中国科学院国家空间科学中心——空间环境预报中心网站(
http://www.sepc.ac.cn/TEC_chn.php )发布. 该同化系统可用于中国区域电离层空间环境精细化监测, 也为精准分析电离层空间天气多尺度变化特性和机理提供了重要支撑, 同时还为短波通信、雷达成像、卫星导航、空间环境现报等工程和应用领域提供了及时、准确、有效的电离层空间天气变化信息与误差修正.Abstract: The successful deployment and national acceptance of the second phase of the Chinese Meridian Project (CMP), a major national scientific and technological infrastructure, signify a substantial leap forward in China’s space environment monitoring capabilities. In particular, CMP’s ionospheric monitoring network has greatly strengthened both research and operational capabilities in ionospheric space weather. This study presents a new-generation ionospheric space weather data assimilation system for China and adjacent regions, based on GNSS observations from the CMP. Leveraging stable and robust data from 85 GNSS stations from CMP and the International GNSS Service, the system integrates multi-constellation GNSS measurements from GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo as input and employs a three-dimensional variational assimilation approach. It generates high-precision and operational ionospheric space weather products, represented by ionospheric TEC, covering China and adjacent regions (15°－55°N, 70°－140°E), which significantly improves the ability to reconstruct and characterize ionospheric disturbances over China. This data assimilation system can provide diverse ionospheric space weather products, including gridded TEC, ΔTEC, and the Rate of TEC change Index (ROTI), with a high spatial-temporal resolution of 1°×1°×15 min. These ionospheric products are routinely updated and publicly available via the website of the Space Environment Prediction Center (http://www.sepc.ac.cn/TEC_chn.php ) at the National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beyond enabling high-fidelity monitoring of the ionospheric space environment over China and adjacent regions, this system also supports in-depth investigation of multi-scale ionospheric variations and irregularity characteristics. In addition, it delivers timely, accurate, and effective ionospheric space weather information and error correction for shortwave communication, radar imaging, satellite navigation, and space weather nowcasting.-
Key words:
- Ionospheric TEC /
- Meridian Project /
- Data assimilation /
- Space weather /
- China and adjacent regions
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图 1 电离层同化系统使用的中国及周边区域GNSS台站分布
Figure 1. GNSS Stations used in ionospheric data assimilation over China and its adjacent regions
图 2 以WHHP台站为例的GNSS多系统电离层穿刺点(IPP)与TEC观测. (a) 2025年4月16日12:00 UT的IPP分布; (b) 当日电离层穿刺点轨迹叠加; (c)～(f) GPS, GLONASS, 北斗, Galileo观测的垂直TEC日变化
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of Ionospheric Pierce Points (IPPs) and TEC observations from multiple GNSS systems at the WHHP station. (a) Spatial distribution of IPPs at 12:00 UT on 16 April 2025, (b) superposition of diurnal IPP trajectories for the day, (c)～(f) diurnal variation of vertical TEC derived from GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo systems, respectively
图 3 2025年4月16日12:00 UT中国区域数据同化结果示例. (a) 基于子午工程等GNSS观测解算的电离层TEC网格点分布, (b) Madrigal TEC网格点分布, (c) IRI模型背景TEC地图, (d)数据同化再分析的TEC地图
Figure 3. An example of ionospheric TEC observations and data-assimilation results over China and adjacent regions at 12:00 UT on 16 April 2025. (a) Gridded GNSS TEC map derived from CMP measurements, (b) madrigal TEC map, (c) IRI TEC map, (d) reanalyzed TEC map from data assimilation
图 4 数据同化前后的TEC残差直方图分析(a)和(b)以及散点对比图(c)和(d)
Figure 4. (a) and (b) are Histogram of the TEC residuals before and after data assimilation, (c) and (d) are scatter points comparison of TEC before and after data assimilation
图 5 2025年4月15－17日期间的太阳风速度、太阳风动压、行星际磁场Bz分量、行星际磁场By分量、AE指数、Kp指数、SYM-H指数变化 (红色虚线表示磁暴急始开始时间, 蓝色虚线表示SYM-H下降至最小值时间)
Figure 5. Changes in solar wind speed, Solar wind dynamic pressure, IMF Bz, IMF By, AE index, Kp index, and SYM-H index during 15-17 April 2025 (Red dashed line indicates the start time of the magnetic storm onset, and the blue dashed line indicates the time when SYM-H reaches its value)
图 6 2025年4月16日11:00 UT中国区域电离层数据同化结果示例. (a)基于子午工程GNSS观测的网格点TEC分布, (b)数据同化给出的TEC地图, (c)相对于7日平均值的差分TEC地图
Figure 6. An example of ionospheric data assimilation results over China and adjacent region at 11:00 UT on 16 April 2025. (a) Gridded GNSS TEC derived from CMP observations, (b) reanalyzed TEC map given by data assimilation, (c) Delta TEC map with respect to the 7-day average
图 7 基于数据同化结果得到的2025年4月16日中国及周边区域电离层TEC的相对变化
Figure 7. Ionospheric delta TEC variation from data assimilation over China and adjacent regions on 16 April 2025
图 8 2025年4月17日00:00－11:00 UT基于数据同化结果得到的中国及周边区域电离层TEC的相对变化
Figure 8. Ionospheric delta TEC variation from data assimilation over China and adjacent regions during 00:00－11:00 UT on 16 April 2025
图 9 2025年4月16日12:30－18:00 UT中国及周边区域电离层ROTI指数的变化地图
Figure 9. ROTI maps of ionospheric irregularities over China and adjacent areas during 12:30－18:00 UT on 16 April 2025
图 10 2025年4月16日17:45 UT三亚数字测高仪频高图中记录的扩展F现象
Figure 10. Ionogram with range-type spread F recorded in Sanya digisonde at 17:45 UT on 16 April 2025
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