多事件磁层亚暴演化对地球外辐射带的影响
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0225 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0225
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汤朝灵 男, 1979年7月出生于安徽省黟县, 现为山东大学教授, 硕士生导师,主要研究方向为空间天气学, 包括地球外辐射带、磁层亚暴、磁暴等数据分析和模拟等. E-mail: tcl@sdu.edu.cn
作者简介:
Impact of Magnetospheric Substorm Evolution of a Multi-event on the Earth’s Outer Radiation Belt
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摘要: 磁层亚暴对地球外辐射带的动力学过程十分重要. 然而, 亚暴演化过程对外辐射带的影响尚不明确. 利用THEMIS卫星和范艾伦探测器的联合观测, 研究不同磁层亚暴事件对外辐射带的影响(源电子或合声波、种子电子的增强). 研究发现: 亚暴膨胀相触发的近地磁场偶极化是驱动能量电子向地球方向注入并最终影响外辐射带的关键环节; 外辐射带合声波的活动水平受到亚暴注入电子特性(注入电子通量、持续时间和投掷角分布)的显著调制, 并存在一定的事件依赖性; 亚暴的时序结构(脉冲式或连续式)会显著影响外辐射带的响应模式(一次响应或多阶段响应). 上述结果有助于进一步理解外辐射带动力学过程.Abstract: The magnetospheric substorms play a crucial role in the dynamic processes of the Earth’s outer radiation belt. However, the specific influence of substorm evolution on the outer radiation belt remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the effects of different substorm events on the outer radiation belt—specifically focusing on the enhancements of the source electrons (or chorus waves) and seed populations—by using joint observations from the THEMIS satellites and Van Allen Probes. Our analysis reveals the following key findings: The magnetic field dipolarization in the near-Earth tail, triggered by the substorm expansion phase, is a key process that facilitates the earthward injections of energetic electrons and ultimately affects the dynamics of the outer radiation belt. The activity level of chorus waves in the outer radiation belt is significantly modulated by the characteristics of substorm-injected electrons (the injected electron fluxes, durations, and pitch angle distributions) and shows a certain event dependence. The temporal structure of substorms (pulsed or continuous) significantly affects the response patterns of the outer radiation belt (single response or multi-stage response). These findings provide valuable insights for advancing our understanding of the dynamic processes of the outer radiation belt.
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图 1 2018年2月24日00:00－00:40 UT期间THEMIS-A的观测结果. (a)(b)由磁通门磁力计(FGM)测量的总磁场(Bt)和磁场(B), (c)～(e)由静电分析仪(ESA)和固态望远镜(SST)测量的离子速度(vi)、电子密度(Ne)和温度(Te), (f)磁场压强Pm(蓝线)、等离子体压强(离子与电子之和)Pth(绿线)和总压强Pt(红线), (g)(h)由SST和ESA仪器观测得到的0.1～700 keV电子能谱
Figure 1. Observations from THEMIS-A during 00:00－00:40 UT on 24 February 2018. (a)(b) Total magnetic field (Bt) and magnetic field (B) measured by the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) instrument; (c)～(e) ion velocity (vi), electron density (Ne) and temperature (Te) measured by the Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) and Solid State Telescope (SST) instruments; (f) magnetic pressure Pm (the blue line), plasma pressure (ions plus electrons) Pth (the green line), and the total pressure Pt (the red line); (g)(h) tenergy spectra of 0.1 ～700 keV electrons observed by the SST and ESA instruments
图 2 2018年2月24日00:00－00:40 UT THEMIS-A电子观测结果. (a) SST测量的电子全向微分通量, (b)～(f) SST能量范围(30～300 keV)内电子通量随投掷角的变化
Figure 2. Observations from THEMIS-A during 00:00－00:40 UT on 24 February 2018. (a) Electron omnidirectional differential energy flux from SST instrument, (b)～(f) electron flux variations in the SST energy range (30～300 keV) as a function of pitch angle
图 3 2018年2月24日00:00－01:30 UT期间范艾伦探测器B的观测结果. (a)(b)地磁指数(AE与AL); (c)～(g) MagEIS测量的能量电子微分通量、不同能量(54～235 keV)电子的投掷角分布
Figure 3. Observations from Van Allen Probe B during 00:00－01:30 UT on 24 February 2018. (a) (b) Geomagnetic indices (AE and AL). (c)～(g) Differential fluxes of energetic electrons, the Pitch Angle Distributions (PAD) of different electrons (54～235 keV) from the MagEIS instrument
图 4 2018年2月24日00:00－06:00 UT期间范艾伦探测器B上EMFISIS测量的磁场谱
Figure 4. Magnetic-field spectra measured by EMFISIS on Van Allen Probe B during 00:00－06:00 UT on 24 February 2018
图 5 2018年3月26日08:50－09:40 UT期间THEMIS-E的观测结果
Figure 5. Observations from THEMIS-E during 08:50－09:40 UT on 26 March 2018
图 6 2018年3月26日08:50－09:40 UT期间THEMIS-E的电子观测结果
Figure 6. Observations from THEMIS-E during 08:50－09:40 UT on 26 March 2018
图 7 2018年3月26日08:30－10:30 UT期间范艾伦探测器A的观测结果
Figure 7. Observations from Van Allen Probe A during 08:30－10:30 UT on 26 March 2018
图 8 2018年3月26日06:00－12:00 UT范艾伦探测器A上EMFISIS测量的磁场谱
Figure 8. Magnetic-field spectra measured by EMFISIS on Van Allen Probe A during 06:00－12:00 UT on 26 March 2018
图 9 2018年3月25日02:00－03:20 UT期间THEMIS-E的观测结果
Figure 9. Observations of THEMIS-E during 02:00－03:20 UT on 25 March 2018
图 10 2018年3月25日02:00－03:20 UT期间THEMIS-E的电子观测结果
Figure 10. Observations from THEMIS-E during 02:00－03:20 UT on 25 March 2018
图 11 2018年3月25日02:00－03:30 UT期间范艾伦探测器B的观测结果
Figure 11. Observations from Van Allen Probe B during 02:00－03:30 UT on 25 March 2018
图 12 2018年3月25日00:00－06:00 UT范艾伦探测器B上EMFISIS仪器测量的磁场谱
Figure 12. Magnetic-field spectra measured by EMFISIS on Van Allen Probe B during 00:00－06:00 UT on 25 March 2018
图 13 2014年9月24日02:40－03:20 UT期间THEMIS-A的观测结果
Figure 13. Observations from THEMIS-A during 02:40－03:20 UT on 24 September 2014
图 14 2014年9月24日02:40－03:20 UT期间THEMIS-E的电子观测结果
Figure 14. Observations from THEMIS-E during 02:40－03:20 UT on 24 September 2014
图 15 2014年9月24日02:30－04:00 UT期间范艾伦探测器A的观测结果
Figure 15. Observations from Van Allen Probe A during 02:30－04:00 UT on 24 September 2014
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