基于子午工程流星雷达数据的微流星体环境特征分析
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2025-0236 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0236
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石敏钰 女, 1999年12月出生于新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市, 现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心飞行器设计专业在读博士生, 主要研究方向为空间碎片建模与碰撞预警等. E-mail: shiminyu24@mails.ucas.ac.cn -
王荣兰 女, 1976年10月出生于山西省运城市,现为中国科学院国家空间科学中心副研究员, 硕士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间碎片预警与大气建模应用. E-mail: wangrl@nssc.ac.cn
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Analysis of Micrometeoroid Environment Characteristics Using Meteor Radar Data from the Meridian Project
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摘要: 微流星体是威胁中国空间航天器安全的重要因素, 历史上已发生多起流星体撞击导致航天器异常的事件, 因此开展流星体环境的建模研究具有重大意义. 基于中国子午工程漠河站的观测数据, 反演近地空间微流星体的特征, 分析中国中高纬度上空微流星体的数量、高度、方位角、天顶角及通量等时空分布特征, 并反演了其质量和速度等物理特性. 结果表明, 流星体活动呈现明显季节与昼夜波动差异, 夏季多于冬季, 夜间高于白天; 空间分布不均, 主要集中在西北方向; 速度多在20～80 km·s–1之间, 高度集中于75～125 km. 反演通量结果与经典Grün模型对比发现, 对于大尺寸流星体的通量结果, 二者一致性较好. 该研究可为中国自主流星体环境建模研究提供技术支撑.Abstract: Micrometeoroids represent a significant factor threatening the safety of China’s spacecraft in space. Historically, numerous incidents of spacecraft anomalies due to meteoroid impacts have been reported; therefore, conducting modeling studies on the meteoroid environment is of great significance. This study utilizes observational data from the Mohe Station of China’s Meridian Project to retrieve the characteristics of micrometeoroids in near-Earth space. We analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution of micrometeoroids over China’s mid-to-high latitudes, specifically examining parameters including number, velocity, altitude, azimuth, zenith angle, and flux. Furthermore, physical properties such as mass were derived from the observational data. The results indicate that meteoroid activity exhibits distinct seasonal and diurnal variations: activity is higher in summer than in winter and significantly higher at night than during daytime. In addition, the spatial distribution of meteoroids is non-uniform and primarily concentrated in the northwest direction; their velocities predominantly range from 20 to 80 km·s–1, and altitudes are mainly concentrated on 75-125 km. Comparing the retrieved inversed flux results with the classical Grün model indicates that there is good consistency between the two sets of results for the flux of larger-sized meteoroids. This research can provide technical support for developing China's independent meteoroid environment modeling studies.
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图 1 漠河站流星雷达2022年3月31日 12:00:00 UT流星参数图形文件
Figure 1. Meteor parameter graphic file of meteor radar at Mohe Station at 12:00:00 UT on 31 March 2022
图 2 数据缺失补全与预处理逻辑流程
Figure 2. Logical flowchart of data completion and preprocessing strategy
图 7 2021年4月1日至2022年3月31日每日流星体总数分布
Figure 7. Distribution of daily total meteoroid counts from 1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022
图 8 全年每小时流星体平均数量分布
Figure 8. Distribution of mean hourly meteoroid counts across the year
图 10 2024年10月2日流星体参数分布
Figure 10. Distribution map of meteoroid parameters on 2 October 2024
图 11 流星体的地心速度随观测速度和高度的变化(h = 400 km)
Figure 11. Variation of meteoroid geocentric velocity with observed velocity and altitude (h = 400 km)
图 12 2021年9月30日和2022年3月7日流星体的质量与地心速度的分布
Figure 12. Distribution of meteoroid mass and geocentric velocity on 30 September 2021 and 7 March 2022
图 13 每日平均通量(24 h)与多项式拟合结果
Figure 13. Daily average flux (over a 24 h period) and polynomial fitting results
图 14 每个速度区间的流星体数量密度分布
Figure 14. Meteoroid number density distribution per velocity interval
表 1 漠河站流星雷达的运行参数
Table 1. Operational parameters of meteor radar at Mohe Station
参数 数值 位置 53.49°N, 122.34°E 雷达工作频率/MHz 38.9 固态发射机峰值功率/kW 20 发射脉冲重复频率/Hz 430 脉冲波形 高斯 高度/km 70～110 发射机可工作最大脉冲占空比/(%) 10 发射信号极化方式 圆极化 相干接收机通道数 5 距离分辨率/km 1.8 角度分辨率/(°) 2 
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表 2 子午工程一期漠河站流星雷达观测数据文件主要参数描述
Table 2. Description of the main parameters of meteor radar observation data files at Mohe Station of Meridian Project Phase I
Parameter Data type Data size Valid range Event start time/s Float 4 ≥ 0 Angle of arrival/(°) Float array 4×2 Azimuth φ: 0～360
Zenith θ: 0～90Decay time/s Float 4 ≥ 0 Diffusion coefficient/(m2·s–1) Float 4 ≥ 0 Radial velocity/(m·s–1) Float 4 ≥ 0 Meteoroid speed/(m·s–1) Float 4 ≥ 0 Fitted range estimate/km Float 4 ≥ 0
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表 3 子午工程二期漠河站流星雷达观测数据文件主要参数
Table 3. Main parameters of meteor radar observation data files at Mohe Station Ⅱ
Parameter Data type Data size Valid range Missing value flag Time (UTC) String 19 characters – – Range Float F8.4 ≥ 0 km –99999999 ECode Integer I2 0～17 (0 indicates excellent quality) –99 SNR Float F6.1 ≥ 0 dB –999999 Power Float F10.1 ≥0 (ADACU)2 –9999999999 Azimuth Float F6.2 0°～360° –999999 Zenith Float F5.2 0°～90° –99999 DecayTm Float F5.3 ≥ 0 s –99999 DifCof Float F5.1 ≥ 0 m2·s–1 –99999 RadialVel Float F6.1 m·s–1 (Positive/negative indicates moving away from/
toward the radar)–999999 MeteorVel Float F8.1 ≥ 0 m·s–1 –99999999
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表 4 缺失7天数据的补充
Table 4. Supplement for missing 7 days of data
Date Meteor shower ΔD1 ΔD2 ND 9 Jun. 2021 Arietids, Dayt. Arietids, ζ-Perseids, β-Taurids, June Bootids 3 13 21561 10 Jun. 2021 Arietids, Dayt. Arietids, ζ-Perseids, β-Taurids, June Bootids 3 13 21561 27 Jun. 2021 June Bootids, ζ-Perseids, β-Taurids 4 3 20581 28 Jun. 2021 June Bootids, ζ-Perseids, β-Taurids 4 3 20581 22 Jul. 2021 Perseids 4 31 22017 23 Jul. 2021 Perseids 4 31 22017 14 Nov. 2021 N. Taurids, Leonids, Nov. Orionids 0 15 15702
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表 5 近地空间不同高度的观测速度 (Mv = +6.5, m = 1 g)
Table 5. Observation speed at different heights in near-Earth space (Mv = +6.5, m = 1 g)
h /(km) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 vR /(km·s–1) 11.201 11.180 11.159 11.137 11.117 11.096 11.075 11.054 11.034
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表 6 通量随时间的多项式函数$ {P}^{k}(d) $的评价指标
Table 6. Evaluation index of polynomial function Pk(d) of the meteoroid flux with day
k SSE $ \overline{y} $ SST R2 3 9.192×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 7.785×10–1 4 7.360×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 8.226×10–1 5 7.333×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 8.233×10–1 6 6.971×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 8.320×10–1 7 6.720×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 8.380×10–1 8 5.896×10–4 1.313×10–2 4.149×10–3 8.579×10–1
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表 7 速度数量密度随速度的多项式函数$ {P}^{k}(v) $的评价指标
Table 7. Evaluation index of polynomial function $ {P}^{k}(v) $ of the number probability with velocity bin
k SSE $ \overline{P} $ SST R2 3 6.104×10–3 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 6.323×10–1 4 2.242×10–3 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 8.650×10–1 5 1.579×10–3 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 9.049×10–1 6 1.458×10–3 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 9.122×10–1 7 7.451×10–4 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 9.551×10–1 8 3.114×10–4 7.576×10–3 1.660×10–2 9.812×10–1
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