张衡一号地球物理场探测卫星高精度在轨定标技术
doi: 10.11728/cjss2026.05.2026-0023 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2026-0023
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泽仁志玛 女, 藏族, 四川省甘孜藏族自治州九龙县人, 现为应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为空间物理学、地球物理场卫星探测技术、电磁卫星观测技术及自然灾害监测应用等. E-mail: zerenzhima@ninhm.ac.cn
作者简介:
High-precision In-orbit Calibration Technology for the CSES-01 Geophysical-field-detection Satellite
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摘要: 聚焦张衡一号电磁监测试验卫星(01星)4大类8种载荷的数据定标难题, 构建了电磁卫星数据全链路在轨定标技术体系. 该体系纵向实现了各载荷原始电信号—物理量—数据的逐级在轨定标, 横向发展了载荷间、星间、星地、模型与实测数据之间的多维交叉校验方法. 经过在轨定标优化, 张衡一号01星(CSES-01)数据指标满足: 电磁场频率分辨率为0.45 Hz、高能粒子通量0.01 MeV及投掷角分辨率5°; 磁场精度优于1 nT、等离子体相对精度优于10%; 基于掩星接收机观测数据估算GPS卫星仪器偏差精度0.8 ns. 该在轨定标技术体系形成了电磁卫星定标领域的自主技术方案,已成功应用于张衡一号01星常规数据生产, 并驱动了张衡一号02星(CSES-02)工程改进, 提升了卫星整体观测性能, 为中国在该领域实现从技术追赶向并跑与引领的跨越奠定了关键技术基础.Abstract: This study focuses on the data calibration challenges of eight types of payloads in four major categories (electromagnetic field, in-situ plasma, energetic particles, and ionospheric structure) carried by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01, also known as Zhangheng-1), The in-orbit full-chain calibration system for electromagnetic satellite data has been established. Vertically, this system achieves precise end-to-end validation from “raw signals to physical quantities and then to data products” for each payload. Horizontally, it conducts multidimensional cross-validation among payloads, satellites, and ground-based observations, as well as between models and measurements. Overall, the validated data from CSES-01 have reached an internationally advanced level, with some indicators leading globally. The frequency resolution of electromagnetic fields (0.45 Hz), as well as the flux (0.01 MeV) and pitch angle (5°) resolution of high-energy particles, outperform those of DEMETER and POES; the magnetic field accuracy (better than 1 nT) and plasma relative accuracy (better than 10%) are comparable to those of the Swarm satellites; the instrument bias accuracy of the GNSS occultation receiver is comparable to that of COSMIC. The magnetic field data have become an important data source for international models such as IGRF and CHAOS-8. This on-orbit validation technology system establishes a proprietary technical framework in the field of electromagnetic satellites, and has been successfully applied to the data production of the CSES-01 satellite and has driven engineering improvements for the CSES-02 satellite, significantly enhancing satellite observational performance. The validated data products have been applied to earthquake monitoring and space weather research, laying a key technological foundation for China’s transition from “catching up” to “keeping pace” and even “leading” in related technological domains.
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Key words:
- CSES-01 /
- Electromagnetic satellite /
- Data processing /
- In-orbit calibration technology
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图 1 张衡一号卫星电磁卫星数据在轨定标技术流程
Figure 1. Flowchart of the on-orbit data validation process for the CSES-01
图 2 张衡一号卫星(CSES-01)三频信标磁干扰修正前后磁场数据对比. (a)(b)三频信标磁干扰修正前和后FGM计算总场与CDSM测量总场残差随时间的变化, (c)三频信标磁干扰修正后FGM计算总场与CDSM测量总场残差随纬度的变化
Figure 2. Comparison of magnetic data from CSES-01 satellite before and after correction for TBB magnetic interference. Time series of residuals between the total magnetic field calculated by FGM and that measured by CDSM, before (a) and after (b) correction for TBB magnetic interference, respectively, (c) latitudinal variation of residuals between the total magnetic field calculated by FGM and that measured by CDSM after correction for TBB magnetic interference
图 4 LAP数据出现的不同干扰溯源与定标技术
Figure 4. Technical process for traceability and validation of different interferences in LAP data
图 5 三个高能粒子探测器的能谱连续性定标. (a)经修正后总事件积分谱拟合结果, (b)实测修正通量与不同理论模型在不同能量点的相对偏差分布[50]
Figure 5. Energy spectrum continuity validation for the three high-energy particle detectors. (a) Fitting results of the corrected total event integral spectra, (b)relative deviation distributions corresponding to different fitting functions[50]
图 6 2019年7－8月张衡一号GOR与COSMIC-GOX观测的NmF2全球分布特征比较. (a)(b) GOR观测的白天与夜间结果, (c)(d) COSMIC-GOX观测的白天与夜间结果[16]
Figure 6. Comparison of the global NmF2 distribution characteristics observed by the CSES-GOR and COSMIC-GOX from July to August 2019. Daytime (a) and nighttime (b) results from CSES-GOR observations, daytime (c) and nighttime (d) results from COSMIC-GOX observations[16]
图 7 14:00 LT张衡一号观测与基于其构建的电子密度模型NmF2比较. (a)观测结果, (b)模型结果, (c)二者差值[58]
Figure 7. Comparison of NmF2 between CSES observations and the electron density model constructed based on CSES data at 14:00 Local Time (LT). (a) Observational results, (b) model results, (c) differences between observations and model[58]
表 1 张衡一号卫星科学载荷及探测物理量分类表
Table 1. Classification of scientific payloads and detected physical parameters of the CSES-01
类别 物理量名称 科学载荷 电磁类 地磁场矢量(北向分量Bn, 东向分量Be, 地向分量Bc), 标量(F), 频段: DC-15 Hz 高精度磁强计(High Precision Magnetometer, HPM)[3–5], 包括两个磁通门磁力仪(Fluxgate Magnetometer, FGM) 和一个光泵磁力仪(Coupled Dark State Magnetometer, CDSM) 感应磁场波形和功率谱(0 Hz～25 kHz), 分别为ULF, ELF, VLF三个频段 感应式磁力仪(Search-Coil Magnetometer, SCM)[6] 空间电场波形和功率谱(DC-3.5 MHz), 分别为ULF, ELF, VLF, HF四个频段 电场探测仪(Electric Field Detector, EFD)[7] 原位等离子体类 电子密度(Ne)/温度(Te)、悬浮电位(Vf)/等离子体电位(Vp) 朗缪尔探针(Langmuir Probe, LAP)[8,9] 离子密度(H＋/He＋/O＋), 离子温度, 离子漂移速度(Vx, Vy, Vz) 等离子体分析仪(Plasma Analyzer Package, PAP)[8,10] 高能粒子类 粒子通量, 能谱, 投掷角等信息, 具体能段如下.
HEPP-L: 电子0.1～3 MeV, 质子 2～20 MeV
HEPP-H: 电子2.0～50 MeV, 质子 15～200 MeV
HEPP-X: 太阳X射线 1.0～20 keV
HEPD: 电子3～100 MeV, 质子30～200 MeV高能粒子探测器(High Energy Particle Package, HEPP)[11,12]、意大利高能粒子探测器(High-Energy Particle Detector, HEPD)[13] 电离层结构类 电子密度总含量(TEC)、电离层电子密度剖面(EDP), F2层峰值高度(hmF2), F2层峰值电子密度(NmF2) GNSS掩星接收机(GNSS Occultation Receiver, GOR)[14–16] 绝对TEC、电离层闪烁指数、电子密度剖面 三频信标机(Tri Band Beacon, TBB)[17,18] 
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