| Citation: | XIE Lianghai, ZHANG Aibing, LI Lei, WANG Huizi, SHI Quanqi, ZHANG Jiang, WANG Wenjing, WEISER Martin, ZHANG Yiteng, KONG Linggao, FENG Yongyong, ZHOU Bin, WANG Jindong. Chang’E-4 Energetic Neutral Atom Observation Reveals New Features about the Solar Wind–Moon Interaction (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2022, 42(1): 11-24. DOI: 10.11728/cjss2022.01.20220113
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Different from the Earth, the solar wind can directly impact the lunar surface, and partly be scattered as Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs). However, the lunar magnetic crustal fields in some regions, called magnetic anomalies, can deflect the solar wind to form a mini-magnetosphere, shielding the surface. All previous understandings about these processes are obtained from orbit, and the truth on the lunar surface is still unknown. The Advanced Small Analyzer for Neutrals (ASAN) onboard Chang’E-4 mission can detect the reflected Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) from the lunar surface, which will provide new perspectives to study the solar wind interaction with the Moon. Here is a review on the recent works with the ENA data from ASAN, focusing on introducing some new discoveries by ASAN, such as a higher ENA reflection ratio, more ENAs gathered at lower energies, and some heavier ENAs other than the H ENA. Compare with the upstream solar wind data, it is found that the ENAs in the energy range of 105~523 eV are closely related with the solar wind. Moreover, the ENA fluxes downstream from the magnetic anomalies are generally smaller. Combined with the global Hall MHD simulation, reduction in the ENA flux is confirmed to be caused by a mini-magnetosphere. Meanwhile, it is found the formation of the mini-magnetosphere is determined by the solar wind dynamic pressure and the ion inertia length, and the mini-magnetosphere brings a deceleration to the solar wind, by a differential electrostatic potential of 50~260 V.
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