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DENG Yuanyong, TIAN Hui, JIANG Jie, YANG Shuhong, LI Hao, CAMERON Robert, GIZON Laurent, HARRA Louise, WIMMER-SCHWEINGRUBER Robert F, AUCHÈRE Frédéric, BAI Xianyong, BELLOT RUBIO Luis, CHEN Linjie, CHEN Pengfei, CHITTA Lakshmi Pradeep, DAVIES Jackie, FAVATA Fabio, FENG Li, FENG Xueshang, GAN Weiqun, HASSLER Don, HE Jiansen, HOU Junfeng, HOU Zhenyong, JIN Chunlan, LI Wenya, LIN Jiaben, NANDY Dibyendu, PANT Vaibhav, ROMOLI Marco, SAKAO Taro, KRISHNA PRASAD Sayamanthula, SHEN Fang, SU Yang, TORIUMI Shin, TRIPATHI Durgesh, WANG Linghua, WANG Jingjing, XIA Lidong, XIONG Ming, YAN Yihua, YANG Liping, YANG Shangbin, ZHANG Mei, ZHOU Guiping, ZHU Xiaoshuai, WANG Jingxiu, WANG Chi. Probing Solar Polar Regions. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2025, 45(4): 899-928 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.04.2025-0054
Citation: DENG Yuanyong, TIAN Hui, JIANG Jie, YANG Shuhong, LI Hao, CAMERON Robert, GIZON Laurent, HARRA Louise, WIMMER-SCHWEINGRUBER Robert F, AUCHÈRE Frédéric, BAI Xianyong, BELLOT RUBIO Luis, CHEN Linjie, CHEN Pengfei, CHITTA Lakshmi Pradeep, DAVIES Jackie, FAVATA Fabio, FENG Li, FENG Xueshang, GAN Weiqun, HASSLER Don, HE Jiansen, HOU Junfeng, HOU Zhenyong, JIN Chunlan, LI Wenya, LIN Jiaben, NANDY Dibyendu, PANT Vaibhav, ROMOLI Marco, SAKAO Taro, KRISHNA PRASAD Sayamanthula, SHEN Fang, SU Yang, TORIUMI Shin, TRIPATHI Durgesh, WANG Linghua, WANG Jingjing, XIA Lidong, XIONG Ming, YAN Yihua, YANG Liping, YANG Shangbin, ZHANG Mei, ZHOU Guiping, ZHU Xiaoshuai, WANG Jingxiu, WANG Chi. Probing Solar Polar Regions. Chinese Journal of Space Science, 2025, 45(4): 899-928 doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.04.2025-0054
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Probing Solar Polar Regions

doi: 10.11728/cjss2025.04.2025-0054 cstr: 32142.14.cjss.2025-0054
  • 1.

    National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101

  • 2.

    State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190

  • 3.

    School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871

  • 4.

    School of Space and Earth Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 102206

  • 5.

    Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, Göttingen 37077

  • 6.

    Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen 37077

  • 7.

    Center for Astrophysics and Space Science, NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188

  • 8.

    Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Davos Dorf 7260

  • 9.

    Die Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich 8093

  • 10.

    Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Kiel D-24118

  • 11.

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay 91405

  • 12.

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Apdo. de Correos 3004, Granada 18080

  • 13.

    School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023

  • 14.

    Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023

  • 15.

    RAL Space, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0 QX

  • 16.

    INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento, 1, Palermo 90134

  • 17.

    Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2 AZ

  • 18.

    Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023

  • 19.

    Southwest Research Institute, Boulder CO 80302

  • 20.

    Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246

  • 21.

    Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital 263002

  • 22.

    Dip. di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019

  • 23.

    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210

  • 24.

    Department of Space and Astronautical Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210

  • 25.

    Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007

  • 26.

    School of Space Science and Technology, Shandong University, Weihai 264209

  • 27.

    School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

  • 28.

    College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Funds:  国家重点研发计划项目 (2022YFF0503800), 国家自然科学基金项目 (12425301, 12425305, 12473051)和太空探源专项共同资助
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    Male, was born in Ziyang, Sichuan in August 1965. He is a Professor at the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Director of the Huairou Solar Observing Station. He is engaged in solar physics research and the development of astronomical instruments, and is the proposer of the Solar Polar Orbit Exploration Project. E-mail: dyy@nao.cas.cn

    Male, was born in Qichun, Hubei Province in August 1982. He is a professor at the School of Earth and Space Sciences of Peking University. He mainly focuses on research in solar coronal heating and solar wind origin, diagnostics of coronal magnetic field, and search and modeling of stellar coronal mass ejections. E-mail: huitian@pku.edu.cn

  • Received Date: 2025-04-09
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-07-01
    • Available Online: 2025-07-02
    Abstract
  • The magnetic fields and dynamical processes in the solar polar regions play a crucial role in the solar magnetic cycle and in supplying mass and energy to the fast solar wind, ultimately being vital in controlling solar activities and driving space weather. Despite numerous efforts to explore these regions, to date no imaging observations of the Sun’s poles have been achieved from vantage points out of the ecliptic plane, leaving their behavior and evolution poorly understood. This observation gap has left three top-level scientific questions unanswered: How does the solar dynamo work and drive the solar magnetic cycle? What drives the fast solar wind? How do space weather processes globally originate from the Sun and propagate throughout the solar system? The Solar Polar-orbit Observatory (SPO) mission, a solar polar exploration spacecraft, is proposed to address these three unanswered scientific questions by imaging the Sun’s poles from high heliolatitudes. In order to achieve its scientific goals, SPO will carry six remote-sensing and four in-situ instruments to measure the vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocity fields in the photosphere, to observe the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet, X-ray, and radio wavelengths, to image the corona and the heliosphere up to 45 Rs, and to perform in-situ detection of magnetic fields, and low- and high-energy particles in the solar wind. The SPO mission is capable of providing critical vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocities of the polar regions to advance our understanding of the origin of the solar magnetic cycle, providing unprecedented imaging observations of the solar poles alongside in-situ measurements of charged particles and magnetic fields from high heliolatitudes to unveil the mass and energy supply that drive the fast solar wind, and providing observational constraints for improving our ability to model and predict the three-dimensional (3D) structures and propagation of space weather events.

     

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