2023 Vol. 43, No. 2

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Strategic Study for the Development of Solar Physics in Space
YAN Yihua, DENG Yuanyong, GAN Weiqun, DING Mingde, TIAN Hui, ZHU Xiaoshuai
2023, 43(2): 199-211. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.yg04
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Solar physics specializes the study of the fundamental processes occurred in the Sun and their influences on the interplanetary space. It deals with detailed measurements that are possible only for our closest star which is a natural plasma laboratory with multi-scale processes taking place. In addition, solar activities have a high impact on the space weather and habitability of the Earth, major solar eruptive events such as solar flare and coronal mass ejection have harmful effects on communication systems, satellites, power grid, and so forth. The study of the Sun not only helps us to understand the universe, the solar-terrestrial relationship, and the planetary habitability, but also serves national strategies in space and aerospace security. In the 21st century, there has been considerable progress in solar physics due to the development of detecting the Sun from space. In this paper, recent space exploration development trends of solar physics are examined both at home and abroad, key fields of the future space exploration development of solar physics in China are summarized, the disciplinary layout is optimized, and high-quality development of solar physics is promoted.
Solar Full-disk Flare Forecasting Model Based on 10.7 cm Solar Radio Flux
LEI Lei, CUI Yanmei, ZHONG Qiuzhen, SHI Liqin
2023, 43(2): 212-218. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220219018
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Solar flare is an important solar active phenomenon, which is manifested as electromagnetic radiant enhancement in almost all wave bands. The statistics indicate that the solar flare is positively associated with the solar active levels. In this paper, a method for predicting the probability of solar flare is established based on the statistical relationship between 10.7 cm flux and solar flare during 1975 to 2007. The forecasting model can be used to predict the probability of C, M and X class flares. During 2008 to 2016, the predicted errors of the model for C, M and X class flares are 0.113, 0.087 and 0.012, respectively, and the predicted skill scores are 0.250, 0.106 and 0.012, respectively. It means that our method has less predicted errors and more skill scores than the average model for predicting C, M and X class flares. During the period from 2008 to 2016, the predicted results of the model are similar to that of Space Environment Prediction Center in National Space Science Center. It indicates that the model is feasible in the actual space environment prediction.
Morphological Study on Magnetically Quiet-day Ionospheric Potential Distribution
WANG Yuhan, REN Zhipeng, YU Tingting, LIU Yunbo, WEI Yong
2023, 43(2): 251-259. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220328032
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Under the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), Global Coupled Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Electrodynamics Model (GCITEM) simulations are used to investigated magnetically quiet-day ionospheric potential distribution at middle-low latitudes, which is dominated by ionospheric dynamo. We present the dependence of ionospheric potential on solar activity, season, UT, and lower atmospheric tides. The results are as follows: the global distribution of ionospheric potential is similar under different conditions. There are two positive potential peaks (source) and one negative charge peak (sink) in one hemisphere. Potential distributions have obvious seasonal and UT variations. The differences of potential peak between source and sink have an increase with the increase of solar activity, however, the differences tend to saturate after a high solar activity level. The diurnal migration tides mainly affect the ionospheric potential at equatorial regions, resulting in the increase of potential peak differences. In comparison, the semi-diurnal migration tides mainly affect the ionospheric potential at middle latitudes, resulting in the decrease of potential peak differences.
Review on van der Waals Interaction between Lunar Soil Particles
ZHAO Xueliang, WANG Hao, CHEN Zhenghan, YANG Jianzhong, XU Zhaodong
2023, 43(2): 291-301. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220406037
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With the successful completion of the three-phase tasks of “orbiting”, “landing” and “returning” of China’s Chang’E project, it is of great significance to study the mechanical properties of lunar soil, which is the most fundamental requirement for the lunar basement construction and other lunar engineering projects. The characteristics of high vacuum, low gravity, and strong radiation in the environment of the lunar surface make the lunar regolith different from the terrestrial sands. One of the main differences between lunar regolith and terrestrial sands is that lunar regolith is slightly cohesive, while terrestrial sands are usually non-cohesive. This difference can be attributed to the van der Waals interaction between lunar soil particles. This paper summarizes the current research on van der Waals force, and analyzes the existing research from four aspects: the calculation of van der Waals force between molecules / atoms, the retardation of van der Waals force in long-range, the calculation of van der Waals force between macro bodies under ideal hypothesis conditions and the calculation of van der Waals force under realistic conditions. At last, shortcomings of the current research on van der Waals force between macro bodies are given. The purpose of this paper is to provide a relatively thorough and theoretical reference for the further study of van der Waals force between lunar soil particles.
Space Microbial Detection Method Based on Fluorescent LAMP
HAN Pei, HOU Hongqu, FAN Yunlong, WANG Wenjia, LÜ Xuefei, ZHANG Wei, LI Xiaoqiong
2023, 43(2): 302-309. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.211125124
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Relevant studies on the International Space Station have shown that during the long-term operation of the space station, the existence of microorganisms may pose a threat to the long-term operation of the space station and stay of astronauts. Microbial species and content monitoring are important parts of microbial control in the station. Due to resource constraints such as volume and power consumption in space applications, detection methods based on lateral flow chromatography test strips and supporting handheld devices will be more suitable for daily monitoring of space microorganisms, combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification and up-conversion luminescence characteristic spectra. Nucleic acid identification technology can meet the needs of rapid, sensitive and specific identification of microorganisms. In this research, aiming at the potential harmful microorganisms in the space for the living environment of astronauts and instrumentation equipment, the nucleic acid identification technology based on fluorescent LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal Amplification) of the lateral flow chromatography test strip was developed. Research results showed that this technology can achieve high sensitivity, high specificity and rapid detection of common harmful microorganisms on the space station such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The detection time is less than 60 minutes and the sensitivity can reach 100 copy·μL–1.
Sky Area Target of Opportunity Mission Planning Method
ZENG Erkang, WU Haiyan, FENG Zhun
2023, 43(2): 361-368. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220225020
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In regard to the planning problem of ToO-MM (a type of sky area Target of Opportunity) for SVOM (Space-based multi-band astronomical Variable Objects Monitor) mission, the constraints and optimization goals are abstracted, the mathematical description model is established, and the algorithm TMHPA (ToO-MM Heuristic Planning Algorithm) based on heuristic strategy is designed. The algorithm aims at maximizing satellite scientific observation benefits and maximizing emergency task response, and considering the influence of satellite attitude adjustment time, the observation tasks and data transmission tasks can be planned. An example is given to verify the effectiveness of this algorithm. The results show that the method executed in this paper is not only able to solve the problem of ToO-MM, but also to ensure the convergence and timeliness. TMHPA can give the target observation sequence of the satellite within the sky area and the time period arrangement for performing data transmission tasks. Compared with GA (Genetic Algorithm) and DEA (Differential Evolution Algorithm), it has a shorter computational time overhead and a smaller attitude adjustment time. The TMHPA algorithm could achieve the rapid response to the target observation, and meet the design requirements as well.
Trajectory Tracking Hybrid Control and Vibration Suppression of Free-floating Multi-flexible Space Robot with Limited Input
XIE Limin, YU Xiaoyan
2023, 43(2): 369-380. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220120008
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In the actual operation of a space robot, the input of the control system is often limited, which will seriously affect the control quality of the system. In this paper, a flexible space robot system based on floating substrate is studied with limited input. The system’s dynamics equation is established through the system’s kinematics and dynamics analysis. For the rigid-flexible coupling system, the singular perturbation method decomposes the system into slow and fast independent subsystems, and control methods are designed for each subsystem. Finally, a hybrid control method consisting of an improved robust sliding mode fuzzy control method, a velocity difference feedback control, and a linear-quadratic optimal control is proposed. The control method can actively reduce the torque required by the space robot to complete the desired movement and make the system adapt to the working conditions with limited input. At the same time, it can compensate for the uncertain parameters and external disturbance and realize the precise control of the system motion and active suppression of vibration. Simulation experiments show that the proposed hybrid control method is effective and adaptable when limited input.
Space Physics
Clustering of Ultraviolet Auroral Oval Images Based on Deep Representation Learning
ZHANG Lingshu, ZOU Ziming, BAI Xi
2023, 43(2): 219-230. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220127012
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Aurora is affected by large-scale dynamics such as geomagnetic substorm driven by solar wind, due to varies solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling effects, its morphology and evolution can be different. Currently, categorization of aurora oval and its morphology is mostly based on auroral evolution theory to do subjective qualitative analysis and has no clear classification standard, which makes it challenging to conduct objective quantitative research with statistical analysis method and supervised classification models. Ultraviolet (UV) auroral oval image clustering model (MoCo-GMM) was established based on deep representation learning, also a method was designed to evaluate physical rationality of the model by using space environment parameters. Additionally, experiments on large-scale POLAR UV auroral oval image data were carried out. Clustering results of MoCo-GMM obtained not only delightful intra-cluster cohesion and inter-cluster separation, but a certain degree of physical interpretability, which means we effectively realized objective categorization of aurora oval and its morphology based on images.
Automatic Identification of Space Hurricane Based on Transfer Learning
XIA Kai, XING Zanyang, ZHANG Qinghe, WANG Yanling, YANG Qiuju, LU Sheng, LIU Zhenping
2023, 43(2): 231-240. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.2022-0031
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Space hurricane is a newly discovered large-scale and bright spot-like auroral structure in the polar cap region, which visually characterizes a solar wind energy injection phenomenon comparable to a magnetic storm during the geomagnetic calm period, this updates the understanding of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling process, it is of great scientific importance to accurately and efficiently identify space hurricane events from the huge amount of auroral data. Deep learning is used, six networks are compared, and an automatic space hurricane identification method based on Transfer learning and EfficientNetB2 is proposed, validate the effectiveness of the model in DMSP/SSUSI observations from 2005 to 2021 with an accuracy of 97.7%. The results show that the method can be used to automatically identify Space hurricane events from a large amount of satellite-based auroral observation data.
Analysis of Variation Characteristic of TEC at Kunming Region and Comparison with IRI-2020 during Descending Phase of Solar Activity
LIU Guoqi, LI Haoyu, XIE Chaodi, LIU Benyu, LIU Jin, LI Xiang, LIU Kui, LI Haotong
2023, 43(2): 241-250. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.2022-0066
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The variation characteristics of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) recorded at the low latitude station, Kunming (24.7°N, 102.9°E, geomagnetic latitude 15.1°N) China, during the descending phase of solar activity in 2016－2019 and its comparison with the output by the latest version model of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2020) have been studied and discussed in this paper. The results show that the TEC at Kunming has an obvious semi-annual anomaly, with the high values during the spring and autumn seasons while the low values during the summer and winter seasons. The diurnal variation of TEC is prominent with that the high value levels in daytime and the low value levels in nighttime, and the daily peak TEC at Kunming appears mainly between 06:30－08:00 UT (about 13:00－15:00 LT). The magnitudes of the average annual TEC decrease obviously as the solar activity weakens, with the values of 48, 33, 27 and 24 TECU during the year of 2016－2019, respectively. The correlation analysis results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the peak TEC and the F10.7, and with a correlation coefficient of 0.86 between the monthly value of peak TEC and F10.7, but shows weak correlation between the peak TEC and the Ap index during the descending phase of solar activity in 2016－2019. The comparative results reveal that the latest version of International Reference Ionosphere could simulate well the seasonal variation of TEC at Kunming. However, there is a big difference between the output value and the observed result. The values of the root mean square deviation from model prediction and observational results are mostly between 2～15 TECU, and the relative deviation percentage values are mainly between –85% and 50%, which manifest that the prediction accuracy of the model IRI-2020 still needs to be improved in the application of forecast.
Investigation of the Global Gravity Wave Activity Characteristics from the FY-3C Satellite Observation Data
WANG Cong, YANG Junfeng, CHENG Xuan, GUO Wenjie, LI Jiawei, YANG Guanglin, ZHANG Xiaoxin, YANG Zhongdong, HU Xiuqing, GU Songyan, ZHANG Peng
2023, 43(2): 260-272. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.211108111
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Atmospheric gravity wave is one of the important dynamical processes in near-space, and exists widely in the global atmosphere. The investigation of its global distribution and variation is of great significance for understanding atmospheric dynamics. Though occultation, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has the advantages of obtaining the global coverage and high resolution temperature information of near-space atmosphere, and is therefore widely used in near-space atmospheric gravity wave research. The global gravity wave distribution from 2015 to 2019 is analyzed by using the detection data of the Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder (GNOS) on the FY-3C satellite. The seasonal and interannual variations of global gravity waves as well as the global distribution and characteristics of long and short wave gravity waves are analyzed emphatically. The analysis show that the gravity wave intensity in winter and summer is stronger than that in spring and autumn, and the value of the gravity wave intensity in winter hemisphere is higher than that in summer hemisphere. It is also found that the intensity of gravity wave disturbance increases gradually with the increase of height. Combined with years of data analysis, it is found that the short-wave gravity wave intensity is greater than the long-wave gravity wave intensity in the altitude range of 20~50 km.
Planetary Science
Review of Comprehensive Exploitation Technology of Lunar Water Ice Resource
ZHANG Tian, TANG Hong, HE Huaiyu, LI Xiongyao, ZHOU Chuanjiao, LIU Jianzhong
2023, 43(2): 273-290. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.2022-0069
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As an important resource on the moon, water ice is the basis for the construction and operation of the international lunar research station and lunar base in the future. The research on the comprehensive exploitation of the water ice resource in the lunar polar regions has also attracted the attention of the space powers in the world. The occurrence and distribution of lunar water ice are elaborately described based on a thorough survey of the exploration and research achievements of water ice in the lunar polar regions at home and abroad. The technical schemes of lunar water ice in excavation, extraction, separation and purification, transportation and storage, decomposition and utilization are introduced in detail, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are briefly reviewed. The excavation and extraction steps can be classified into two categories based on the distinct extraction sites of lunar water ice: in-situ extraction and remote extraction. According to the different heating methods, the techniques of direct heating by sunlight, drilling heating, and microwave heating are introduced. In the separation and purification steps, three technologies are introduced: low-temperature distillation and cold trap, adsorption purification, and membrane purification technology. For the steps of transporting and storing, the water tanks are classified based on their position, and the requirements for materials are given. In the decomposition and utilization steps of the water ice resource, three kinds of electrode composition technology are introduced, including alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, solid oxide electrolysis technology, and a photocatalytic decomposition technology using TiO2 as the catalyst is also presented. Combining the construction plans of the future international lunar research station in China and the Artemis program of the United States, which aims to establish a lunar base, the appropriate areas, and technical schemes for the comprehensive exploitation of the lunar water ice resource, is evaluated to provide important references for the exploitation and utilization of water ice in the lunar polar regions.
Space Life Science
Effect of Prolonged Fasting on Uric Acid Metabolism and Its Regulation Mechanism
SUI Xiukun, GUO Zhifeng, ZHANG Hongyu, WANG Hailong, WU Feng, YANG Chao, GUO Yaxiu, MA Ting, LI Yinghui, DAI Zhongquan
2023, 43(2): 310-320. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220225021
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To investigate the changes of uric acid metabolism in rats during prolonged fasting and its potential regulatory mechanism. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as animal models. The changes of uric acid level and metabolism-related gene and protein expression in rats during different fasting periods (1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days) were analyzed by pathological tissue sections, biochemical tests, quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. The results showed that prolonged fasting did not cause significant damage to kidney tissue, but remarkedly increased the blood uric acid level and blood uricase activity. It also resulted in fluctuating changes in urine uric acid level. The mRNA and protein expression levels of main uric acid transporters were increased gradually with the fasting duration. The elevation of serum uric acid caused by prolonged fasting is related to uric acid transporter and uricase activity.
Space Exploration Technology
Analyses for the Mechanism of Solar Radio Burst Interfering Satellite Navigation Signal and Influence Presentation
DONG Liang, HUANG Wengeng, PAN Yexin
2023, 43(2): 321-329. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220215016
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Solar radio bursts are a potential interference factor in navigation systems. From the navigation signal model is derived in this paper, the paper analyzes the solar radio burst interference mechanism of navigation signal, the interference effects exist three effects, namely with the solar radio burst flux, receiver performance, and the Angle of the Sun-navigation antenna height, synthesize the proposed the influence of solar radio burst interfere with communication navigation equation. It is concluded that the total integrated power of the solar burst flow in the navigation communication frequency band is positively correlated with the decrease of the signal to noise ratio of the communication signal, and is affected by the modulation of the height Angle of the sun-antenna and the effective area of the antenna, and has a convolution relationship with the response function of the loop filter of the navigation receiver. Then, this paper further analyzed the GPS lock-out signal during the solar radio bursts on 28 October 2003, 6 December 2006 and 4 November 2015. It is found that the loss-rate of different receivers at the same site is different in the same event (receiver performances effect). The loss-of-lock rate of the same receiver at different latitudes in the same event is different (Sun-antenna height Angle effect). In addition, under the condition of non-uniform spectrum of L-band (1～2 GHz) solar radio bursts in the same event (solar radio burst flow distribution effect), the decrease of signal to noise ratio of L1 and L2 band communication signals is also different. Therefore, the analytical correctness of the above influence equation is verified by the observation characterization of the above three events.
Lightweight Design and Verification of Electrostatic Analyzer for Space Exploration
YANG Moxin, ZHANG Aibing, XIE Shijun
2023, 43(2): 330-339. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220303024
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Aiming at the lightweight requirement of space exploration load, the electrostatic analyzer for space plasma exploration is taken as the research object, and the lightweight design and verification are carried out. In the selection of materials and processing methods, additive manufacturing, a new processing method, is fully used breaking the traditional idea of pursuing low-density materials in lightweight design. By comparing the weight and mechanical performance of equipment under various materials and processing methods, aluminum alloy is determined as the main material and 3D printing as the main processing method. In the aspect of structure design, based on the advantages of 3D printing processing, the structural thickness of each part of the equipment is reduced, and stiffeners is appropriately set to solve the problem that the thin wall is prone to deform during post-processing. The mass of the equipment designed in the above scheme is reduced to 1.2 kg, which is 45% lower than that of the equipment using magnesium alloy and conventional processing methods (2.2 kg). Taking the identification-level mechanical test conditions of typical aerospace missions as input, the finite element simulation of the design model was carried out, and the physical processing, assembly and mechanical tests were completed to verify the anti-mechanical properties of the design.
Design and Simulation of the Space-based TOF×E Medium Energetic Ion Detector
ZHANG Weijie, SHEN Guohong, ZHANG Shenyi, ZHANG Xianguo, YE Yizhong
2023, 43(2): 340-351. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220310027
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This paper introduces a designing scheme of a medium energetic ion detector based on SEE TOF×E method, including key components such as secondary electron emission foils, electrodes, position sensitive MCP detector, and SSDs, which can simultaneously achieve both 5-directional medium energetic ions and 4-directional medium energetic electrons measurements. Based on the hardware time resolution and energy resolution limits that can be achieved by the current space-based particle detection payload, this paper presents a simulation analysis of the energy range and ion species resolution of the design scheme. The results show that this design scheme can achieve ion spectrum measurement in the energy range of 40 keV to 5 MeV, and electron spectrum measurement from 20 to 500 keV as well. And it can also perform ion component resolution for proton at 40 keV to 5 MeV, He ions at 45 keV to 5 MeV, O ions at 130 keV to 5 MeV, and Fe ions at 240 keV to 5 MeV.
Interference Analysis on Q/V Band ISL between NGSO Constellation Systems
ZHANG Zhao, YAO Xiujuan, GAO Xiang, ZHI Jia, WANG Jing
2023, 43(2): 352-360. doi: 10.11728/cjss2023.02.220302023
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With the development of large-scale constellation system, low-Earth-orbit space frequency orbit resources are increasingly scarce. The subsequent risk of space-borne communication link interference cannot be ignored, and it becomes one of the key indicators to be considered in the future constellation system design. On the premise of avoiding interference, it is crucial to ensure the working performance of constellation system. Intersatellite link has great interference risk in large scale NGSO constellation systems. To solve that, the interference avoidance methods based on the interfering and interfered angle are proposed. Taking the Starlink with Q/V band as an example, the working efficiency and anti-interference efficiency of the system are defined, and the robustness of the system under different interference avoidance methods and chain building strategies is studied. Simulation results show that the interference avoidance based on the interfered angle can reduce the I/N overrun time ratio from 5.79% and 16.75% to 0 respectively under different link building strategies, without affecting the working link. This simulation method can be a reference for large-scale NGSO constellation interference avoidance with intersatellite links.

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